Polynucleotides and polypeptides in plants

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to plant transcription factor polypeptides, polynucleotides that encode them, homologs from a variety of plant species, and methods of using the polynucleotides and polypeptides to produce transgenic plants having advantageous properties compared to a reference plant. Sequence information related to these polynucleotides and polypeptides can also be used in bioinformatic search methods is also disclosed.

RELATIONSHIP TO COPENDING APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/374,780, filed 25 Feb., 2003, and U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/675,852, filed 30 Sep., 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to the field of plant biology. More particularly, the present invention pertains to compositions and methods for modifying a plant phenotypically.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A plant's traits, such as its biochemical, developmental, or phenotypic characteristics, may be controlled through a number of cellular processes. One important way to manipulate that control is through transcription factors—proteins that influence the expression of a particular gene or sets of genes. Transformed and transgenic plants that comprise cells having altered levels of at least one selected transcription factor, for example, possess advantageous or desirable traits. Strategies for manipulating traits by altering a plant cell's transcription factor content can therefore result in plants and crops with new and/or improved commercially valuable properties.

Transcription factors can modulate gene expression, either increasing or decreasing (inducing or repressing) the rate of transcription. This modulation results in differential levels of gene expression at various developmental stages, in different tissues and cell types, and in response to different exogenous (e.g., environmental) and endogenous stimuli throughout the life cycle of the organism.

Because transcription factors are key controlling elements of biological pathways, altering the expression levels of one or more transcription factors can change entire biological pathways in an organism. For example, manipulation of the levels of selected transcription factors may result in increased expression of economically useful proteins or biomolecules in plants or improvement in other agriculturally relevant characteristics. Conversely, blocked or reduced expression of a transcription factor may reduce biosynthesis of unwanted compounds or remove an undesirable trait. Therefore, manipulating transcription factor levels in a plant offers tremendous potential in agricultural biotechnology for modifying a plant's traits. A number of the agriculturally relevant characteristics of plants, and desirable traits that may be imbued by gene expression are listed below.

Useful Plant Traits

Category: Abiotic Stress, Desired Trait: Chilling Tolerance

The term “chilling sensitivity” has been used to describe many types of physiological damage produced at low, but above freezing, temperatures. Most crops of tropical origins such as soybean, rice, maize and cotton are easily damaged by chilling. Typical chilling damage includes wilting, necrosis, chlorosis or leakage of ions from cell membranes. The underlying mechanisms of chilling sensitivity are not completely understood yet, but probably involve the level of membrane saturation and other physiological deficiencies. For example, photoinhibition of photosynthesis (disruption of photosynthesis due to high light intensities) often occurs under clear atmospheric conditions subsequent to cold late summer/autumn nights. By some estimates, chilling accounts for monetary losses in the United States (US) second only to drought and flooding. For example, chilling may lead to yield losses and lower product quality through the delayed ripening of maize. Another consequence of poor growth is the rather poor ground cover of maize fields in spring, often resulting in soil erosion, increased occurrence of weeds, and reduced uptake of nutrients. A retarded uptake of mineral nitrogen could also lead to increased losses of nitrate into the ground water.

Category: Abiotic Stress: Desired Trait: Freezing Tolerance.

Freezing is a major environmental stress that limits where crops can be grown and reduces yields considerably, depending on the weather in a particular growing season. In addition to exceptionally stressful years that cause measurable losses of billions of dollars, less extreme stress almost certainly causes smaller yield reductions over larger areas to produce yield reductions of similar dollar value every year. For instance, in the US, the 1995 early fall frosts are estimated to have caused losses of over one billion dollars to corn and soybeans. The spring of 1998 saw an estimated $200 M of damages to Georgia alone, in the peach, blueberry and strawberry industries. The occasional freezes in Florida have shifted the citrus belt further south due to $100 M or more losses. California sustained $650 M of damage in 1998 to the citrus crop due to a winter freeze. In addition, certain crops such as Eucalyptus, which has the very favorable properties of rapid growth and good wood quality for pulping, are not able to grow in the southeastern states due to occasional freezes.

Inherent winter hardiness of the crop determines in which agricultural areas it can survive the winter. For example, for wheat, the northern central portion of the US has winters that are too cold for good winter wheat crops. Approximately 20% of the US wheat crop is spring wheat, with a market value of $2 billion. Areas growing spring wheat could benefit by growing winter wheat that had increased winter hardiness. Assuming a 25% yield increase when growing winter wheat, this would create $500 M of increased value. Additionally, the existing winter wheat is severely stressed by freezing conditions and should have improved yields with increased tolerance to these stresses. An estimate of the yield benefit of these traits is 10% of the $4.4 billion winter wheat crop in the US or $444 M of yield increase, as well as better survival in extreme freezing conditions that occur periodically.

Thus plants more resistant to freezing, both midwinter freezing and sudden freezes, would protect a farmers' investment, improve yield and quality, and allow some geographies to grow more profitable and productive crops. Additionally, winter crops such as canola, wheat and barley have 25% to 50% yield increases relative to spring planted varieties of the same crops. This yield increase is due to the “head start” the fall planted crop has over the spring planted crop and its reaching maturity earlier while the temperatures, soil moisture and lack of pathogens provide more favorable conditions.

Category: Abiotic Stress: Desired Trait: Salt Tolerance.

One in five hectares of irrigated land is damaged by salt, an important historical factor in the decline of ancient agrarian societies. This condition is only expected to worsen, further reducing the availability of arable land and crop production, since none of the top five food crops—wheat, corn, rice, potatoes, and soybean—can tolerate excessive salt.

Detrimental effects of salt on plants are a consequence of both water deficit resulting in osmotic stress (similar to drought stress) and the effects of excess sodium ions on critical biochemical processes. As with freezing and drought, high saline causes water deficit; the presence of high salt makes it difficult for plant roots to extract water from their environment (Buchanan et al. (2000) in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Md.). Soil salinity is thus one of the more important variables that determines where a plant may thrive. In many parts of the world, sizable land areas are uncultivable due to naturally high soil salinity. To compound the problem, salination of soils that are used for agricultural production is a significant and increasing problem in regions that rely heavily on agriculture. The latter is compounded by over-utilization, over-fertilization and water shortage, typically caused by climatic change and the demands of increasing population. Salt tolerance is of particular importance early in a plant's lifecycle, since evaporation from the soil surface causes upward water movement, and salt accumulates in the upper soil layer where the seeds are placed. Thus, germination normally takes place at a salt concentration much higher than the mean salt level in the whole soil profile.

Category: Abiotic Stress: Desired Trait: Drought Tolerance.

While much of the weather that we experience is brief and short-lived, drought is a more gradual phenomenon, slowly taking hold of an area and tightening its grip with time. In severe cases, drought can last for many years, and can have devastating effects on agriculture and water supplies. With burgeoning population and chronic shortage of available fresh water, drought is not only the number one weather related problem in agriculture, it also ranks as one of the major natural disasters of all time, causing not only economic damage, but also loss of human lives. For example, losses from the US drought of 1988 exceeded $40 billion, exceeding the losses caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the Mississippi River floods of 1993, and the San Francisco earthquake in 1989. In some areas of the world, the effects of drought can be far more severe. In the Horn of Africa the 19841985 drought led to a famine that killed 750,000 people.

Problems for plants caused by low water availability include mechanical stresses caused by the withdrawal of cellular water. Drought also causes plants to become more susceptible to various diseases (Simpson (1981). “The Value of Physiological Knowledge of Water Stress in Plants”, In Water Stress on Plants, (Simpson, G. M., ed.), Praeger, N.Y., pp. 235-265).

In addition to the many land regions of the world that are too arid for most if not all crop plants, overuse and over-utilization of available water is resulting in an increasing loss of agriculturally-usable land, a process which, in the extreme, results in desertification. The problem is further compounded by increasing salt accumulation in soils, as described above, which adds to the loss of available water in soils.

Category: Abiotic Stress: Desired Trait: Heat Tolerance.

Germination of many crops is very sensitive to temperature. A transcription factor that would enhance germination in hot conditions would be useful for crops that are planted late in the season or in hot climates.

Seedlings and mature plants that are exposed to excess heat may experience heat shock, which may arise in various organs, including leaves and particularly fruit, when transpiration is insufficient to overcome heat stress. Heat also damages cellular structures, including organelles and cytoskeleton, and impairs membrane function (Buchanan, supra).

Heat shock may result a decrease in overall protein synthesis, accompanied by expression of heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins function as chaperones and are involved in refolding proteins denatured by heat.

Category: Abiotic Stress: Desired Trait: Tolerance to Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

The ability of all plants to remove nutrients from their environment is essential to survival. Thus, identification of genes that encode polypeptides with transcription factor activity may allow for the generation of transgenic plants that are better able to make use of available nutrients in nutrient-poor environments.

Among the most important macronutrients for plant growth that have the largest impact on crop yield are nitrogenous and phosphorus-containing compounds. Nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing fertilizers are used intensively in agriculture practices today. An increase in grain crop yields from 0.5 to 1.0 metric tons per hectare to 7 metric tons per hectare accompanied the use of commercial fixed nitrogen fertilizer in production farming (Vance (2001) Plant Physiol. 127: 390-397). Given current practices, in order to meet food production demands in years to come, considerable increases in the amount of nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing fertilizers will be required (Vance, supra).

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere yet it is one of the most limiting elements to plant growth due to its lack of availability in the soil. Plants obtain N from the soil from several sources including commercial fertilizers, manure and the mineralization of organic matter. The intensive use of N fertilizers in present agricultural practices is problematic, the energy intensive Haber-Bosch process makes N fertilizer and it is estimated that the US uses annually between 3-5% of the nation's natural gas for this process. In addition to the expense of N fertilizer production and the depletion of non-renewable resources, the use of N fertilizers has led to the eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems and the contamination of drinking water due to the runoff of excess fertilizer into ground water supplies.

Phosphorus is second only to N in its importance as a macronutrient for plant growth and to its impact on crop yield. Phosphorus (P) is extremely immobile and not readily available to roots in the soil and is therefore often growth limiting to plants. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a constituent of several important molecules required for energy transfer, metabolic regulation and protein activation (Marschner (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). Plants have evolved several strategies to help cope with P and N deprivation that include metabolic as well as developmental adaptations. Most, if not all, of these strategies have components that are regulated at the level of transcription and therefore are amenable to manipulation by transcription factors. Metabolic adaptations include increasing the availability of P and N by increasing uptake from the soil though the induction of high affinity and low affinity transporters, and/or increasing its mobilization in the plant. Developmental adaptations include increases in primary and secondary roots, increases in root hair number and length, and associations with mycorrhizal fungi (Bates and Lynch (1996) Plant Cell Environ. 19: 529-538; Harrison (1999) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 361-389).

Category: Biotic Stress: Desired Trait: Disease Resistance.

Disease management is a significant expense in crop production worldwide. According to EPA reports for 1996 and 1997, US farmers spend approximately $6 billion on fungicides annually. Despite this expenditure, according to a survey conducted by the food and agriculture organization, plant diseases still reduce worldwide crop productivity by 12% and in the United States alone, economic losses due to plant pathogens amounts to 9.1 billion dollars (FAO, 1993). Data from these reports and others demonstrate that despite the availability of chemical control only a small proportion of the losses due to disease can be prevented. Not only are fungicides and anti-bacterial treatments expensive to growers, but their widespread application poses both environmental and health risks. The use of plant biotechnology to engineer disease resistant crops has the potential to make a significant economic impact on agriculture and forestry industries in two ways: reducing the monetary and environmental expense of fungicide application and reducing both pre-harvest and post-harvest crop losses that occur now despite the use of costly disease management practices.

Fungal, bacterial, oomycete, viral, and nematode diseases of plants are ubiquitous and important problems, and often severely impact yield and quality of crop and other plants. A very few examples of diseases of plants include:

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungi Erysiphe, Sphaerotheca, Phyllactinia, Microsphaera, Podosphaera, or Uncinula, in, for example, wheat, bean, cucurbit, lettuce, pea, grape, tree fruit crops, as well as roses, phlox, lilacs, grasses, and Euonymus;

Fusarium-caused diseases such as Fusarium wilt in cucurbits, Fusarium head blight in barley and wheat, wilt and crown and root rot in tomatoes;

Sudden oak death, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora ramorum; this disease was first detected in 1995 in California tan oaks. The disease has since killed more than 100,000 tan oaks, coast live oaks, black oaks, and Shreve's oaks in coastal regions of northern California, and more recently in southwestern Oregon (Roach (2001) National Geographic News, Dec. 6, 2001);

Black Sigatoka, a fungal disease caused by Mycosphaerella species that attacks banana foliage, is spreading throughout the regions of the world that are responsible for producing most of the world's banana crop;

Eutypa dieback, caused by Eutypa lata, affects a number of crop plants, including vine grape. Eutypa dieback delays shoot emergence, and causes chlorosis, stunting, and tattering of leaves;

Pierce's disease, caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, precludes growth of grapes in the southeastern United States, and threatens the profitable wine grape industry in northern California. The bacterium clogs the vasculature of the grapevines, resulting in foliar scorching followed by slow death of the vines. There is no known treatment for Pierce's disease;

Bacterial Spot caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris causes serious disease problems on tomatoes and peppers. It is a significant problem in the Florida tomato industry because it spreads rapidly, especially in warm periods where there is wind-driven rain. Under these conditions, there are no adequate control measures;

Diseases caused by viruses of the family Geminiviridae are a growing agricultural problem worldwide. Geminiviruses have caused severe crop losses in tomato, cassaya, and cotton. For instance, in the 1991-1992 growing season in Florida, geminiviruses caused $140 million in damages to the tomato crop (Moffat (1991) Science 286: 1835). Geminiviruses have the ability to recombine between strains to rapidly produce new virulent varieties. Therefore, there is a pressing need for broad-spectrum geminivirus control;

The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, causes stunting and chlorosis of soybean plants, which results in yield losses or plant death from severe infestation. Annual losses in the United States have been estimated at $1.5 billion (University of Minnesota Extension Service).

The aforementioned pathogens represent a very small fraction of diverse species that seriously affect plant health and yield. For a more complete description of numerous plant diseases, see, for example, Vidhyasekaran (1997) Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defense Mechanisms, Marcel Deckker, Monticello, N.Y.), or Agrios (1997) Plant Pathology, Academic Press, New York, N.Y.). Plants that are able to resist disease may produce significantly higher yields and improved food quality. It is thus of considerable importance to find genes that reduce or prevent disease.

Category: Light Response: Desired Trait: Reduced Shade Avoidance.

Shade avoidance describes the process in which plants grown in close proximity attempt to out-compete each other by increasing stem length at the expense of leaf, fruit and storage organ development. This is caused by the plant's response to far-red radiation reflected from leaves of neighboring plants, which is mediated by phytochrome photoreceptors. Close proximity to other plants, as is produced in high-density crop plantings, increases the relative proportion of far-red irradiation, and therefore induces the shade avoidance response. Shade avoidance adversely affects biomass and yield, particularly when leaves, fruits or other storage organs constitute the desired crop (see, for example, Smith (1982) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33: 481-518; Ballare et al. (1990) Science 247: 329-332; Smith (1995) Annu. Dev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol., 46: 289-315; and Schmitt et al. (1995), American Naturalist, 146: 937-953). Alteration of the shade avoidance response in tobacco through alteration of phytochrome levels has been shown to produce an increase in harvest index (leaf biomass/total biomass) at high planting density, which would result in higher yield (Robson et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnol. 14: 995-998).

Category: Flowering Time: Desired Trait: Altered Flowering Time and Flowering Control.

Timing of flowering has a significant impact on production of agricultural products. For example, varieties with different flowering responses to environmental cues are necessary to adapt crops to different production regions or systems. Such a range of varieties have been developed for many crops, including wheat, corn, soybean, and strawberry. Improved methods for alteration of flowering time will facilitate the development of new, geographically adapted varieties.

Breeding programs for the development of new varieties can be limited by the seed-to-seed cycle. Thus, breeding new varieties of plants with multi-year cycles (such as biennials, e.g. carrot, or fruit trees, such as citrus) can be very slow. With respect to breeding programs, there would be a significant advantage in having commercially valuable plants that exhibit controllable and modified periods to flowering (“flowering times”). For example, accelerated flowering would shorten crop and tree breeding programs.

Improved flowering control allows more than one planting and harvest of a crop to be made within a single season. Early flowering would also improve the time to harvest plants in which the flower portion of the plant constitutes the product (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, and other edible flowers). In addition, chemical control of flowering through induction or inhibition of flowering in plants could provide a significant advantage to growers by inducing more uniform fruit production (e.g., in strawberry)

A sizable number of plants for which the vegetative portion of the plant forms the valuable crop tend to “bolt” dramatically (e.g., spinach, onions, lettuce), after which biomass production declines and product quality diminishes (e.g., through flowering-triggered senescence of vegetative parts). Delay or prevention of flowering may also reduce or preclude dissemination of pollen from transgenic plants.

Category: Growth Rate: Desired Trait: Modified Growth Rate.

For almost all commercial crops, it is desirable to use plants that establish more quickly, since seedlings and young plants are particularly susceptible to stress conditions such as salinity or disease. Since many weeds may outgrow young crops or out-compete them for nutrients, it would also be desirable to determine means for allowing young crop plants to out compete weed species. Increasing seedling growth rate (emergence) contributes to seedling vigor and allows for crops to be planted earlier in the season with less concern for losses due to environmental factors. Early planting helps add days to the critical grain-filling period and increases yield.

Providing means to speed up or slow down plant growth would also be desirable to ornamental horticulture. If such means be provided, slow growing plants may exhibit prolonged pollen-producing or fruiting period, thus improving fertilization or extending harvesting season.

Category: Growth Rate: Desired Trait: Modified Senescence and Cell Death.

Premature senescence, triggered by various plant stresses, can limit production of both leaf biomass and seed yield. Transcription factor genes that suppress premature senescence or cell death in response to stresses can provide means for increasing yield. Delay of normal developmental senescence could also enhance yield, particularly for those plants for which the vegetative part of the plant represents the commercial product (e.g., spinach, lettuce).

Although leaf senescence is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to recycle nutrients, the ability to control senescence in an agricultural setting has significant value. For example, a delay in leaf senescence in some maize hybrids is associated with a significant increase in yields and a delay of a few days in the senescence of soybean plants can have a large impact on yield. In an experimental setting, tobacco plants engineered to inhibit leaf senescence had a longer photosynthetic lifespan, and produced a 50% increase in dry weight and seed yield (Gan and Amasino (1995) Science 270: 1986-1988). Delayed flower senescence may generate plants that retain their blossoms longer and this may be of potential interest to the ornamental horticulture industry, and delayed foliar and fruit senescence could improve post-harvest shelf-life of produce.

Further, programmed cell death plays a role in other plant responses, including the resistance response to disease, and some symptoms of diseases, for example, as caused by necrotrophic pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98: 6957-6962). Localized senescence and/or cell death can be used by plants to contain the spread of harmful microorganisms. A specific localized cell death response, the “hypersensitive response”, is a component of race-specific disease resistance mediated by plant resistance genes. The hypersensitive response is thought to help limit pathogen growth and to initiate a signal transduction pathway that leads to the induction of systemic plant defenses. Accelerated senescence may be a defense against obligate pathogens, such as powdery mildew, that rely on healthy plant tissue for nutrients. With regard to powdery mildew, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and other pathogens, transcription factors that ameliorate cell death and/or damage may reduce the significant economic losses encountered, such as, for example, Botrytis cinerea in strawberry and grape.

Category: Growth Regulator: Desired Trait: Altered Sugar Sensing

Sugars are key regulatory molecules that affect diverse processes in higher plants including germination, growth, flowering, senescence, sugar metabolism and photosynthesis. Sucrose, for example, is the major transport form of photosynthate and its flux through cells has been shown to affect gene expression and alter storage compound accumulation in seeds (source-sink relationships). Glucose-specific hexose-sensing has also been described in plants and is implicated in cell division and repression of “famine” genes (photosynthetic or glyoxylate cycles).

Category: Morphology: Desired Trait: Altered Morphology

Trichomes are branched or unbranched epidermal outgrowths or hair structures on a plant. Trichomes produce a variety of secondary biochemicals such as diterpenes and waxes, the former being important as, for example, insect pheromones, and the latter as protectants against desiccation and herbivorous pests. Since diterpenes also have commercial value as flavors, aromas, pesticides and cosmetics, and potential value as anti-tumor agents and inflammation-mediating substances, they have been both products and the target of considerable research. In most cases where the metabolic pathways are impossible to engineer, increasing trichome density or size on leaves may be the only way to increase plant productivity. Thus, it would be advantageous to discover trichome-affecting transcription factor genes for the purpose of increasing trichome density, size, or type to produce plants that are better protected from insects or that yield higher amounts of secondary metabolites.

The ability to manipulate wax composition, amount, or distribution could modify plant tolerance to drought and low humidity or resistance to insects, as well as plant appearance. In particular, a possible application for a transcription factor gene that reduces wax production in sunflower seed coats would be to reduce fouling during seed oil processing. Antisense or co-suppression of transcription factors involved in wax biosynthesis in a tissue specific manner can be used to specifically alter wax composition, amount, or distribution in those plants and crops from which wax is either a valuable attribute or product or an undesirable constituent of plants.

Other morphological characteristics that may be desirable in plants include those of an ornamental nature. These include changes in seed color, overall color, leaf and flower shape, leaf color, leaf size, or glossiness of leaves. Plants that produce dark leaves may have benefits for human health; flavonoids, for example, have been used to inhibit tumor growth, prevent of bone loss, and prevention lipid oxidation in animals and humans. Plants in which leaf size is increased would likely provide greater biomass, which would be particularly valuable for crops in which the vegetative portion of the plant constitutes the product. Plants with glossy leaves generally produce greater epidermal wax, which, if it could be augmented, resulted in a pleasing appearance for many ornamentals, help prevent desiccation, and resist herbivorous insects and disease-causing agents. Changes in plant or plant part coloration, brought about by modifying, for example, anthocyanin levels, would provide novel morphological features.

In many instances, the seeds of a plant constitute a valuable crop. These include, for example, the seeds of many legumes, nuts and grains. The discovery of means for producing larger seed would provide significant value by bringing about an increase in crop yield.

Plants with altered inflorescence, including, for example, larger flowers or distinctive floral configurations, may have high value in the ornamental horticulture industry.

Modifications to flower structure may have advantageous or deleterious effects on fertility, and could be used, for example, to decrease fertility by the absence, reduction or screening of reproductive components. This could be a desirable trait, as it could be exploited to prevent or minimize the escape of the pollen of genetically modified organisms into the environment.

Manipulation of inflorescence branching patterns may also be used to influence yield and offer the potential for more effective harvesting techniques. For example, a “self pruning” mutation of tomato results in a determinate growth pattern and facilitates mechanical harvesting (Pnueli et al. (2001) Plant Cell 13(12): 2687-2702).

Alterations of apical dominance or plant architecture could create new plant varieties. Dwarf plants may be of potential interest to the ornamental horticulture industry.

Category: Seed Biochemistry: Desired Trait: Altered Seed Oil

The composition of seeds, particularly with respect to seed oil quantity and/or composition, is very important for the nutritional value and production of various food and feed products. Desirable improvements to oils include enhanced heat stability, improved nutritional quality through, for example, reducing the number of calories in seed, increasing the number of calories in animal feeds, or altering the ratio of saturated to unsaturated lipids comprising the oils.

Category: Seed Biochemistry: Desired Trait: Altered Seed Protein

As with seed oils, seed protein content and composition is very important for the nutritional value and production of various food and feed products. Altered protein content or concentration in seeds may be used to provide nutritional benefits, and may also prolong storage capacity, increase seed pest or disease resistance, or modify germination rates. Altered amino acid composition of seeds, through altered protein composition, is also a desired objective for nutritional improvement.

Category: Seed Biochemistry: Desired Trait: Altered Prenyl Lipids.

Prenyl lipids, including the tocopherols, play a role in anchoring proteins in membranes or membranous organelles. Tocopherols have both anti-oxidant and vitamin E activity. Modified tocopherol composition of plants may thus be useful in improving membrane integrity and function, which may mitigate abiotic stresses such as heat stress. Increasing the anti-oxidant and vitamin content of plants through increased tocopherol content can provide useful human health benefits.

Category: Leaf Biochemistry Desired Trait: Altered Glucosinolate Levels

Increases or decreases in specific glucosinolates or total glucosinolate content can be desirable depending upon the particular application. For example: (i) glucosinolates are undesirable components of the oilseeds used in animal feed, since they produce toxic effects; low-glucosinolate varieties of canola have been developed to combat this problem; (ii) some glucosinolates have anti-cancer activity; thus, increasing the levels or composition of these compounds can be of use in production of nutraceuticals; and (iii) glucosinolates form part of a plant's natural defense against insects; modification of glucosinolate composition or quantity could therefore afford increased protection from herbivores. Furthermore, tissue specific promoters can be used in edible crops to ensure that these compounds accumulate specifically in particular tissues, such as the epidermis, which are not taken for human consumption.

Category: Leaf Biochemistry: Desired Trait: Flavonoid Production.

Expression of transcription factors that increase flavonoid production in plants, including anthocyanins and condensed tannins, may be used to alter pigment production for horticultural purposes, and possibly to increase stress resistance. Flavonoids have antimicrobial activity and could be used to engineer pathogen resistance. Several flavonoid compounds have human health promoting effects such as inhibition of tumor growth, prevention of bone loss and prevention of lipid oxidation. Increased levels of condensed tannins in forage legumes would provide agronomic benefits in ruminants by preventing pasture bloat by collapsing protein foams within the rumen. For a review on the utilities of flavonoids and their derivatives, see Dixon et al. (1999) Trends Plant Sci. 4: 394-400.

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for producing transgenic plants with modified traits, particularly traits that address the agricultural and food needs described in the above background information. These traits may provide significant value in that they allow the plant to thrive in hostile environments, where, for example, temperature, water and nutrient availability or salinity may limit or prevent growth of non-transgenic plants. The traits may also comprise desirable morphological alterations, larger or smaller size, disease and pest resistance, alterations in flowering time, light response, and others.

We have identified polynucleotides encoding transcription factors, developed numerous transgenic plants using these polynucleotides, and have analyzed the plants for a variety of important traits. In so doing, we have identified important polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences for producing commercially valuable plants and crops as well as the methods for making them and using them. Other aspects and embodiments of the invention are described below and can be derived from the teachings of this disclosure as a whole.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to transgenic plants that comprise a recombinant polynucleotide that includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a HAP3, HAP3-like or HAP5 CCAAT transcription factor with the ability to regulate abiotic stress tolerance in a plant.

Transgenic plants and methods for producing transgenic plants are provided. The transgenic plants comprise a recombinant polynucleotide having a polynucleotide sequence, or a sequence that is complementary to this polynucleotide sequence, that encodes a transcription factor.

The present invention is directed to transgenic plants with altered expression of a transcription factor polypeptide. When these plants are compared to non-transgenic plants or wild-type control plants of the same species (that is, those that do not have the expression of the transcription factor polypeptide altered), the transgenic plants are shown to have increased tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses. These may include, for example, osmotic stress, drought, salt stress, heat stress, or cold stress. A sizeable number of transcription factor sequences, which may be found in the Sequence Listing, have been used to confer these advantages. For example, the transgenic plant may comprise as part of its genome a transgene encoding a polypeptide member of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family or the MYB-related transcription factor family. By overexpressing these polypeptide members, the plant becomes more abiotic stress tolerant wild-type controls.

In a further refinement of the invention, the polypeptide member may be of the CCAAT box-binding transcription factor family, and more specifically, from the G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family. These polypeptides comprise a B domain (B domains are further characterized in the specification that follows, with examples from various plant species listed). The B domains of these polypeptides are able to bind a regulatory region of DNA comprising the motif CCAAT, and this binding is responsible for the regulation of transcription of that DNA. This regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant.

Alternatively, the polypeptide member may be a MYB-related transcription factor, and more specifically a member of the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors. These polypeptides comprise a MYB-related domain (MYB-related domains further characterized in the specification that follows, with examples from various plant species listed). The MYB-related domains of these polypeptides are able to bind a regulatory region of DNA, and this binding is responsible for the regulation of transcription of that DNA. Similar to the regulation of transcription by CCAAT family transcription factors, increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant is achieved by the binding of the MYB-related transcription factor to the DNA.

In another alternative, the polypeptide member may be a member of a wide variety of transcription factor families and groups, exemplified by the transcription factor polypeptides of the invention that have been shown to confer useful advantages or traits in plants when the expression of these polypeptides is altered in the plants.

The transgenic plants of the invention may be either dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous, and the polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention may be derived from dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants, or be creations that are structurally and functionally similar. The transgenic plants that define the invention may be crossed with other plants or themselves to generate progeny plants, which may possess advantageous characteristics such as improved stress tolerance. Seed derived from the transgenic plants of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention.

The invention is also directed to methods for producing a transgenic plant having increased tolerance to abiotic stress by introducing an expression vector that contains a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention into the plant.

The polypeptide may comprise, for example, a member of G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family, or a member of the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors, or a member of any of the other transcription factor families or groups of the invention that have been shown to provide useful traits in plants when their expression is altered. In the case where the polypeptide comprises a G482 subclade member, the polypeptide will comprise a B domain that is of sufficiently homology to the B domain of G481, SEQ ID NO: 88 that the B domain functions in the same manner as the G481 domain by binding to DNA at a transcription regulating region comprising the motif CCAAT, thus regulating transcription of the DNA and confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.

Alternatively, the expression vector may also contain a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide of the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors, the MYB-related domain of the polypeptide being sufficiently homologous to the MYB-related domain of G682, SEQ ID NO: 148, that the MYB-related domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region and brings about transcriptional and increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant.

Regardless of the nucleotide sequence used, the expression vector will also contain one or more regulatory elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence. It is through the regulatory elements that expression of the nucleotide sequence is controlled in a target plant. By introducing the expression vector into a cell of the target plant, growing the plant cell into a plant and allowing the plant to overexpress the polypeptide, a plant with improved abiotic stress tolerance (relative to, for example, wild-type controls) is generated. The improved plants may be identified by comparison to with one or more control plants.

Any plant with increased stress tolerance produced by this method may be crossed with itself or another plant. Seed that develops as a result of this crossing may then be selected, and a progeny plant grown from the seed. This would have the effect of producing a transgenic progeny plant that would have increased tolerance to abiotic stress, as compared to a non-transgenic plant of the same species.

The invention also pertains to a method for increasing a plants tolerance to abiotic stress by providing a vector comprising a nucleotide of the invention or a nucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the invention, and regulatory elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence. These regulatory elements are able to control expression of the nucleotide sequence in a target plant. The target plant is transformed with the vector to generate a transformed plant with increased tolerance to abiotic stress compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species. The sequences used in this method may include, for example, polynucleotide or polypeptide members of the G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family, or of the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors. In the case of either of these examples, the conserved domain that is, the B or MYB-related domain, would be sufficiently homologous to the corresponding domains of SEQ ID NO: 88 or 148, G481 or G682, respectively, that the conserved domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region, and thus regulates transcription and increases abiotic stress tolerance in the plant as compared to a non-transformed or transgenic plant of the same species.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING AND DRAWINGS

The Sequence Listing provides exemplary polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention. The traits associated with the use of the sequences are included in the Examples.

CD-ROM1 (Copy 1) is a read-only memory computer-readable compact disc and contains a copy of the Sequence Listing in ASCII text format. The Sequence Listing is named “MBI0047PCT.ST25.txt” and is 6,312 kilobytes in size. The copies of the Sequence Listing on the CD-ROM disc are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

CD-ROM2 (Copy 2) is an exact copy of CD-R1 (Copy 1).

CD-ROM3 contains a computer-readable format (CRF) copy of the Sequence Listing as a text (.txt) file.

FIG. 1 shows a conservative estimate of phylogenetic relationships among the orders of flowering plants (modified from Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 1-49). Those plants with a single cotyledon (monocots) are a monophyletic clade nested within at least two major lineages of dicots; the eudicots are further divided into rosids and asterids. Arabidopsis is a rosid eudicot classified within the order Brassicales; rice is a member of the monocot order Poales. FIG. 1 was adapted from Daly et al. (2001) Plant Physiol. 127: 1328-1333.

FIG. 2 shows a phylogenic dendogram depicting phylogenetic relationships of higher plant taxa, including clades containing tomato and Arabidopsis; adapted from Ku et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 9121-9126; and Chase et al. (1993) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528-580.

FIGS. 3A, and 3B show an alignment of G682 (SEQ ID NO: 148) and polynucleotide sequences that are paralogous and orthologous to G682. The alignment was produced using MACVECTOR software (Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D show an alignment of G867 (SEQ ID NO: 170) and polynucleotide sequences that are paralogous and orthologous to G867. The alignment was produced using MACVECTOR software (Accelrys, Inc.).

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E and 5F show an alignment of G912 (SEQ ID NO: 186) and polynucleotide sequences that are paralogous and orthologous to G912. The alignment was produced using MACVECTOR software (Accelrys, Inc.).

FIG. 6 is adapted from Kwong et al (2003) Plant Cell 15: 5-18, and shows crop sequences identified through BLAST analysis of various L1L-related sequences. A phylogeny tree was then generated using ClustalX based on whole protein sequences showing the non-LEC1-like HAP3 clade of transcription factors (large box). This clade contains Arabidopsis sequences as well as members from diverse species that are phylogenetically distinct from the LEC1-like proteins (seen in the next two figures). The smaller box delineates the G482-like subclade, containing transcription factors that are structurally most closely related to G481 and G482.

Similar to FIG. 6, FIG. 7 shows the phylogenic relationship of sequences within the G482-subclade (within the smaller box) and the non-LEC1-like clade (larger box). The G482-subclade contains members from diverse species, including Arabidopsis, soy, rice and corn sequences that are phylogenetically distinct from the LEC1-like proteins, some of which are also shown in FIG. 6. Arabidopsis plants carrying a mutation in the LEC1 gene display embryos that are intolerant to desiccation and that show defects in seed maturation (Lotan et al. (1998) Cell 93: 1195-1205). We have shown that the G482 subclade members confer abiotic stress tolerance. Given their phylogenetic divergence, it is possible that LEC1-like proteins seen below the G482 subclade have evolved to confer desiccation tolerance specifically within the embryo, whereas other G482 subclade evolved to confer abiotic stress tolerance in non-embryonic tissues.

For FIG. 8, a phylogenic relationship of sequences within the G482-subclade was generated with different method than used to create FIG. 7. In this case, the phylogenetic tree and multiple sequence alignments of G481 and related full length proteins were constructed using ClustalW (CLUSTAL W Multiple Sequence Alignment Program version 1.83, 2003) and MEGA2 (http://www.megasoftware.net) software. The ClustalW multiple alignment parameters were:

Gap Opening Penalty: 10.00

Gap Extension Penalty: 0.20

Delay divergent sequences: 30%

DNA Transitions Weight: 0.50

Protein weight matrix: Gonnet series

DNA weight matrix: IUB

Use negative matrix: OFF.

A FastA formatted alignment was then used to generate a phylogenetic tree in MEGA2 using the neighbor joining algorithm and a p-distance model. A test of phylogeny was done via bootstrap with 100 replications and Random Speed set to default. Cut off values of the bootstrap tree were set to 50%. The G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family (box), are derived from a common single node (arrow) and a representative number, including Arabidopsis sequences G481, G482, G485, G1364 and G2345, soy sequences G3470, G3471, G3472, G3475, G3476, rice sequences G3395, G3397, G3398, G3429, and corn sequences G3434, and G3436, have been shown to confer abiotic stress tolerance in plants (see Example XIII).

FIG. 9 shows the domain structure of HAP3 proteins. HAP3 proteins contain an amino-terminal A domain, a central B domain, and a carboxy-terminal C domain. There may be relatively little sequence similarity between HAP3 proteins in the A and C domains. The A and C domains could thus provide a degree of specificity to each member of the HAP3 family. The B domain is the conserved region that specifies DNA binding and subunit association.

In FIGS. 10A-10F, the alignments of HAP3 polypeptides are presented, including G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345, G1781 and related sequences from Arabidopsis aligned with soybean, rice and corn sequences, showing the B domains (indicated by the line that spans FIGS. 10B through 10D). Consensus residues within the listed sequences are indicated by boldface. The boldfaced residues in the consensus sequence that appears at the bottom of FIGS. 10A through 10C in their respective positions are uniquely found in the non-LEC1-like clade. The underlined serine residue appearing in the consensus sequence in its respective positions is uniquely found within the G482-like subclade. As discussed in greater detail below in Example III, the residue positions indicated by the arrows in FIG. 10B are associated with an alteration of flowering time when these polypeptides are overexpressed.

FIG. 11 is a phylogenetic tree of defined conserved domains of G682 and related polypeptides constructed with ClustalW (CLUSTAL W Multiple Sequence Alignment Program version 1.83, 2003) and MEGA2 (http://www.megasoftware.net) software. ClustalW multiple alignment parameters were as follows:

Gap Opening Penalty: 10.00

Gap Extension Penalty: 0.20

Delay divergent sequences: 30%

DNA Transitions Weight: 0.50

Protein weight matrix: Gonnet series

DNA weight matrix: IUB

Use negative matrix: OFF

A FastA formatted alignment was then used to generate a phylogenetic tree in MEGA2 using the neighbor joining algorithm and a p-distance model. A test of phylogeny was done via bootstrap with 100 replications and Random Speed set to default. Cut off values of the bootstrap tree were set to 50%. The G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors, a group of structurally and functionally related sequences that derive from a single ancestral node (arrow), appears within the box in FIG. 11.

FIGS. 12A-12D show the effects of water deprivation and recovery from this treatment on Arabidopsis control and 35S::G481-overexpressing lines. After eight days of drought treatment overexpressing plants had a darker green and less withered appearance (FIG. 12C) than those in the control group (FIG. 12A). The differences in appearance between the control and G481-overexpressing plants after they were rewatered was even more striking. Most (11 of 12 plants; exemplified in FIG. 12B) of this set of control plants died after rewatering, indicating the inability to recover following severe water deprivation, whereas all nine of the overexpressor plants of the line shown recovered from this drought treatment (exemplified in FIG. 12D). The results shown in FIGS. 12A-12D were typical of a number of control and 35S::G481-overexpressing lines.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show the effects of salt stress on Arabidopsis seed germination. The three lines of G481- and G482 overexpressors on these two plate had longer roots and showed greater cotyledon expansion (arrows) after three days on 150 mM NaCl than the control seedlings on the right-hand sides of the plates.

In FIG. 14A, G481 null mutant seedlings (labeled K481) show reduced tolerance of osmotic stress, relative to the control seedlings in FIG. 14B, as evidenced by the reduced cotyledon expansion and root growth in the former group. Without salt stress tolerance on control media, (FIGS. 14C, G481 null mutants; and 14D, control seedlings), the knocked out and control plants appear the same.

FIGS. 15A-15D show the effects of stress-related treatments on G485 overexpressing seedlings (35S::G485 lines) in plate assays. In each treatment, including cold, high sucrose, high salt and ABA germination assays, the overexpressors fared much better than the wild-type controls exposed to the same treatments in FIGS. 15E-15H, respectively, as evidenced by the enhanced cotyledon expansion and root growth seen with the overexpressing seedlings.

FIGS. 16A-16C depict the effects of G485 knockout and overexpression on flowering time and maturation. As seen in FIG. 16A, a T-DNA insertion knockout mutation containing a SALK_(—)062245 insertion was shown to flower several days later than wild-type control plants. The plants in FIG. 16A are shown 44 days after germination. FIG. 16C shows that G485 primary transformants flowered distinctly earlier than wild-type controls. These plants are shown 24 days after germination. These effects were observed in each of two independent T1 plantings derived from separate transformation dates. Additionally, accelerated flowering was also seen in plants that overexpressed G485 from a two component system (35S::LexA;opLexA::G485). These studies indicated that G485 is both sufficient to act as a floral activator, and is also necessary in that role within the plant. G485 overexpressor plants also matured and set siliques much more rapidly than wild type controls, as shown in FIG. 16B with plants 39 days post-germination.

FIG. 17A shows the effects of a high salt medium on the germination of 35S::G3392 (a rice G682 ortholog) line 322. In this figure, the seedlings appeared larger and greener than the wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings similarly treated in FIG. 17B.

FIG. 18A shows the effects of cold treatment on the germination of 35S::G3450 (soy G682 ortholog) line 307. In this figure, the seedlings had less anthocyanin than the wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings similarly treated in FIG. 18B.

FIG. 19A compares the germination of 35S::G3431 (a corn G682 ortholog) line 327 Arabidopsis seedlings on a 9.4% sucrose germination plate with non-transgenic control seedlings of the same species similarly treated in FIG. 19B. The overexpressors were greener and had less anthocyanin than the non-transgenic control plants of the same species.

In FIG. 20, the deleterious effects of a heat treatment are seen in the wild-type plants on the right, and to a much lesser extent in the plants overexpressing the soy G3450 sequence on the left.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In an important aspect, the present invention relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides, for example, for modifying phenotypes of plants. Throughout this disclosure, various information sources are referred to and/or are specifically incorporated. The information sources include scientific journal articles, patent documents, textbooks, and World Wide Web browser-inactive page addresses, for example. While the reference to these information sources clearly indicates that they can be used by one of skill in the art, each and every one of the information sources cited herein are specifically incorporated in their entirety, whether or not a specific mention of “incorporation by reference” is noted. The contents and teachings of each and every one of the information sources can be relied on and used to make and use embodiments of the invention.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a plant” includes a plurality of such plants, and a reference to “a stress” is a reference to one or more stresses and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

The polynucleotide sequences of the invention encode polypeptides that are members of well-known transcription factor families, including plant transcription factor families, as disclosed in Tables 7-11. Generally, the transcription factors encoded by the present sequences are involved in cellular metabolism, cell differentiation and proliferation and the regulation of growth. Accordingly, one skilled in the art would recognize that by expressing the present sequences in a plant, one may change the expression of autologous genes or induce the expression of introduced genes. By affecting the expression of similar autologous sequences in a plant that have the biological activity of the present sequences, or by introducing the present sequences into a plant, one may alter a plant's phenotype to one with improved traits. The sequences of the invention may also be used to transform a plant and introduce desirable traits not found in the wild-type cultivar or strain. Plants may then be selected for those that produce the most desirable degree of over- or under-expression of target genes of interest and coincident trait improvement.

The sequences of the present invention may be from any species, particularly plant species, in a naturally occurring form or from any source whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic or recombinant. The sequences of the invention may also include fragments of the present amino acid sequences. In this context, a “fragment” refers to a fragment of a polypeptide sequence which is at least 5 to about 15 amino acids in length, most preferably at least 14 amino acids, and which retain some biological activity of a transcription factor. Where “amino acid sequence” is recited to refer to an amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “amino acid sequence” and like terms are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

As one of ordinary skill in the art recognizes, transcription factors can be identified by the presence of a region or domain of structural similarity or identity to a specific consensus sequence or the presence of a specific consensus DNA-binding site or DNA-binding site motif (see, for example, Riechmann et al. (2000) Science 290: 2105-2110). The plant transcription factors may belong to one of the following transcription factor families: the AP2 (APETALA2) domain transcription factor family (Riechmann and Meyerowitz (1998) Biol. Chem. 379: 633-646); the MYB transcription factor family (ENBib; Martin and Paz-Ares (1997) Trends Genet. 13: 67-73); the MADS domain transcription factor family (Riechmann and Meyerowitz (1997) Biol. Chem. 378: 1079-1101); the WRKY protein family (Ishiguro and Nakamura (1994) Mol. Gen. Genet. 244: 563-571); the ankyrin-repeat protein family (Zhang et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4: 1575-1588); the zinc finger protein (Z) family (Klug and Schwabe (1995) FASEB J. 9: 597-604); Takatsuji (1998) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 54:582-596); the homeobox (HB) protein family (Buerglin (1994) in Guidebook to the Homeobox Genes, Duboule (ed.) Oxford University Press); the CAAT-element binding proteins (Forsburg and Guarente (1989) Genes Dev. 3: 1166-1178); the squamosa promoter binding proteins (SPB) (Klein et al. (1996) Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996 250: 7-16); the NAM protein family (Souer et al. (1996) Cell 85: 159-170); the IAA/AUX proteins (Abel et al. (1995) J. Mol. Biol. 251: 533-549); the HLH/MYC protein family (Littlewood et al. (1994) Prot. Profile 1: 639-709); the DNA-binding protein (DBP) family (Tucker et al. (1994) EMBO J. 13: 2994-3002); the bZIP family of transcription factors (Foster et al. (1994) FASEB J. 8: 192-200); the Box P-binding protein (the BPF-1) family (da Costa e Silva et al. (1993) Plait J. 4: 125-135); the high mobility group (EMG) family (Bustin and Reeves (1996) Prog. Nucl. Acids Res. Mol. Biol. 54: 35-100); the scarecrow (SCR) family (Di Laurenzio et al. (1996) Cell 86: 423-433); the GF14 family (Wu et al. (1997) Plant Physiol. 114: 1421-1431); the polycomb (PCOMB) family (Goodrich et al. (1997) Nature 386: 44-51); the teosinte branched (TEO) family (Luo et al. (1996) Nature 383: 794-799); the ABI3 family (Giraudat et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4: 1251-1261); the triple helix (TH) family (Dehesh et al. (1990) Science 250: 1397-1399); the EIL family (Chao et al. (1997) Cell 89: 1133-44); the AT-HOOK family (Reeves and Nissen (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265: 8573-8582); the S1FA family (Zhou et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 1165-1169); the bZIPT2 family (Lu and Ferl (1995) Plant Physiol. 109: 723); the YABBY family (Bowman et al. (1999) Development 126: 2387-96); the PAZ family (Bohmert et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17: 170-80); a family of miscellaneous (MISC) transcription factors including the DPBF family (Kim et al. (1997) Plant J. 11: 1237-1251) and the SPF1 family (Ishiguro and Nakamura (1994) Mol. Gen. Genet. 244: 563-571); the GARP family (Hall et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10: 925-936), the TUBBY family (Boggin et al (1999) Science 286: 2119-2125), the heat shock family (Wu (1995) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol, 11: 441-469), the ENBP family (Christiansen et al. (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 32: 809-821), the RING-zinc family (Jensen et al. (1998) FEBS Letters 436: 283-287), the PDBP family (Janik et al. (1989) Virology 168: 320-329), the PCF family (Cubas et al. Plant J. (1999) 18: 215-22), the SRS (SHI-related) family (Fridborg et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11: 1019-1032), the CPP (cysteine-rich polycomb-like) family (Cvitanich et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 8163-8168), the ARF (auxin response factor) family (Ulmasov et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96: 5844-5849), the SWI/SNF family (Collingwood et al. (1999) J. Mol. Endocrinol. 23: 255-275), the ACBF family (Seguin et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 281-291), PCGL (CG-1 like) family (da Costa e Silva et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25: 921-924) the ARID family (Vazquez et al. (1999) Development 126: 733-742), the Jumonji family (Balciunas et al. (2000), Trends Biochem. Sci. 25: 274-276), the bZIP-NIN family (Schauser et al. (1999) Nature 402: 191-195), the E2F family (Kaelin et al. (1992) Cell 70: 351-364) and the GRF-like family (Knaap et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 122: 695-704). As indicated by any part of the list above and as known in the art, transcription factors have been sometimes categorized by class, family, and sub-family according to their structural content and consensus DNA-binding site motif, for example. Many of the classes and many of the families and sub-families are listed here. However, the inclusion of one sub-family and not another, or the inclusion of one family and not another, does not mean that the invention does not encompass polynucleotides or polypeptides of a certain family or sub-family. The list provided here is merely an example of the types of transcription factors and the knowledge available concerning the consensus sequences and consensus DNA-binding site motifs that help define them as known to those of skill in the art (each of the references noted above are specifically incorporated herein by reference). A transcription factor may include, but is not limited to, any polypeptide that can activate or repress transcription of a single gene or a number of genes. This polypeptide group includes, but is not limited to, DNA-binding proteins, DNA-binding protein binding proteins, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, protein methyltransferases, GTP-binding proteins, and receptors, and the like.

In addition to methods for modifying a plant phenotype by employing one or more polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention described herein, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention have a variety of additional uses. These uses include their use in the recombinant production (i.e., expression) of proteins; as regulators of plant gene expression, as diagnostic probes for the presence of complementary or partially complementary nucleic acids (including for detection of natural coding nucleic acids); as substrates for further reactions, e.g., mutation reactions, PCR reactions, or the like; as substrates for cloning e.g., including digestion or ligation reactions; and for identifying exogenous or endogenous modulators of the transcription factors. A “polynucleotide” is a nucleic acid molecule comprising a plurality of polymerized nucleotides, e.g., at least about 15 consecutive polymerized nucleotides, optionally at least about 30 consecutive nucleotides, at least about 50 consecutive nucleotides. A polynucleotide may be a nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, nucleotide, or any fragment thereof. In many instances, a polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide (or protein) or a domain or fragment thereof. Additionally, the polynucleotide may comprise a promoter, an intron, an enhancer region, a polyadenylation site, a translation initiation site, 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions, a reporter gene, a selectable marker, or the like. The polynucleotide can be single stranded or double stranded DNA or RNA. The polynucleotide optionally comprises modified bases or a modified backbone. The polynucleotide can be, e.g., genomic DNA or RNA, a transcript (such as an mRNA), a cDNA, a PCR product, a cloned DNA, a synthetic DNA or RNA, or the like. The polynucleotide can be combined with carbohydrate, lipids, protein, or other materials to perform a particular activity such as transformation or form a useful composition such as a peptide nucleic acid (FNA). The polynucleotide can comprise a sequence in either sense or antisense orientations. “Oligonucleotide” is substantially equivalent to the terms amplimer, primer, oligomer, element, target, and probe and is preferably single stranded.

Definitions

A “recombinant polynucleotide” is a polynucleotide that is not in its native state, e.g., the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence not found in nature, or the polynucleotide is in a context other than that in which it is naturally found, e.g., separated from nucleotide sequences with which it typically is in proximity in nature, or adjacent (or contiguous with) nucleotide sequences with which it typically is not in proximity. For example, the sequence at issue can be cloned into a vector, or otherwise recombined with one or more additional nucleic acid.

An “isolated polynucleotide” is a polynucleotide whether naturally occurring or recombinant, that is present outside the cell in which it is typically found in nature, whether purified or not. Optionally, an isolated polynucleotide is subject to one or more enrichment or purification procedures, e.g., cell lysis, extraction, centrifugation, precipitation, or the like.

A “polypeptide” is an amino acid sequence comprising a plurality of consecutive polymerized amino acid residues e.g., at least about 15 consecutive polymerized amino acid residues, optionally at least about 30 consecutive polymerized amino acid residues, at least about 50 consecutive polymerized amino acid residues. In many instances, a polypeptide comprises a polymerized amino acid residue sequence that is a transcription factor or a domain or portion or fragment thereof. A transcription factor can regulate gene expression and may increase or decrease gene expression in a plant. Additionally, the polypeptide may comprise 1) a localization domain, 2) an activation domain, 3) a repression domain, 4) an oligomerization domain, or 5) a DNA-binding domain, or the like. The polypeptide optionally comprises modified amino acid residues, naturally occurring amino acid residues not encoded by a codon, non-naturally occurring amino acid residues.

A “recombinant polypeptide” is a polypeptide produced by translation of a recombinant polynucleotide. A “synthetic polypeptide” is a polypeptide created by consecutive polymerization of isolated amino acid residues using methods well known in the art. An “isolated polypeptide,” whether a naturally occurring or a recombinant polypeptide, is more enriched in (or out of) a cell than the polypeptide in its natural state in a wild-type cell, e.g., more than about 5% enriched, more than about 10% enriched, or more than about 20%, or more than about 50%, or more, enriched, i.e., alternatively denoted: 105%, 110%, 120%, 150% or more, enriched relative to wild type standardized at 100%. Such an enrichment is not the result of a natural response of a wild-type plant. Alternatively, or additionally, the isolated polypeptide is separated from other cellular components with which it is typically associated, e.g., by any of the various protein purification methods herein.

“Identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two polynucleotide sequences or between two polypeptide sequences, with identity being a more strict comparison. The phrases “percent identity” and “% identity” refer to the percentage of sequence similarity found in a comparison of two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more polypeptide sequences. “Sequence similarity” refers to the percent similarity in base pair sequence (as determined by any suitable method) between two or more polynucleotide sequences. Two or more sequences can be anywhere from 0-100% similar, or any integer value therebetween. Identity or similarity can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence that may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide base or amino acid, then the molecules are identical at that position. A degree of similarity or identity between polynucleotide sequences is a function of the number of identical or matching nucleotides at positions shared by the polynucleotide sequences. A degree of identity of polypeptide sequences is a function of the number of identical amino acids at positions shared by the polypeptide sequences. A degree of homology or similarity of polypeptide sequences is a function of the number of amino acids at positions shared by the polypeptide sequences.

“Alignment” refers to a number of DNA or amino acid sequences aligned by lengthwise comparison so that components in common (i.e., nucleotide bases or amino acid residues) may be visually and readily identified. The fraction or percentage of components in common is related to the homology or identity between the sequences. Alignments such as those of FIGS. 3A and B, 4A-D, 5A-F and 9A-F may be used to identify conserved domains and relatedness within these domains. An alignment may suitably be determined by means of computer programs known in the art, such as MACVECTOR software (1999) (Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).

The terms “highly stringent” or “highly stringent condition” refer to conditions that permit hybridization of DNA strands whose sequences are highly complementary, wherein these same conditions exclude hybridization of significantly mismatched DNAs. Polynucleotide sequences capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with the polynucleotides of the present invention may be, for example, variants of the disclosed polynucleotide sequences, including allelic or splice variants, or sequences that encode orthologs or paralogs of presently disclosed polypeptides. Nucleic acid hybridization methods are disclosed in detail by Kashima et al. (1985) Nature 313:402-404, and Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (“Sambrook”); and by Haymes et al., “Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach”, IRL Press, Washington, D.C. (1985), which references are incorporated herein by reference.

In general, stringency is determined by the temperature, ionic strength, and concentration of denaturing agents (e.g., formamide) used in a hybridization and washing procedure (for a more detailed description of establishing and determining stringency, see below). The degree to which two nucleic acids hybridize under various conditions of stringency is correlated with the extent of their similarity. Thus, similar nucleic acid sequences from a variety of sources, such as within a plant's genome (as in the case of paralogs) or from another plant (as in the case of orthologs) that may perform similar functions can be isolated on the basis of their ability to hybridize with known transcription factor sequences. Numerous variations are possible in the conditions and means by which nucleic acid hybridization can be performed to isolate transcription factor sequences having similarity to transcription factor sequences known in the art and are not limited to those explicitly disclosed herein. Such an approach may be used to isolate polynucleotide sequences having various degrees of similarity with disclosed transcription factor sequences, such as, for example, transcription factors having 60% identity, or more preferably greater than about 70% identity, most preferably 72% or greater identity with disclosed transcription factors.

The term “equivalog” describes members of a set of homologous proteins that are conserved with respect to function since their last common ancestor. Related proteins are grouped into equivalog families, and otherwise into protein families with other hierarchically defined homology types. This definition is provided at the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) website, www.tigr.org; “Terms associated with TIGRFAMs”.

The term “variant”, as used herein, may refer to polynucleotides or polypeptides that differ from the presently disclosed polynucleotides or polypeptides, respectively, in sequence from each other, and as set forth below.

With regard to polynucleotide variants, differences between presently disclosed polynucleotides and their variants are limited so that the nucleotide sequences of the former and the latter are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical. The degeneracy of the genetic code dictates that many different variant polynucleotides can encode identical and/or substantially similar polypeptides in addition to those sequences illustrated in the Sequence Listing. Due to this degeneracy, differences between presently disclosed polynucleotides and variant nucleotide sequences may be silent in any given region or over the entire length of the polypeptide (i.e., the amino acids encoded by the polynucleotide are the same, and the variant polynucleotide sequence thus encodes the same amino acid sequence in that region or entire length of the presently disclosed polynucleotide. Variant nucleotide sequences may encode different amino acid sequences, in which case such nucleotide differences will result in amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions, insertions, truncations or fusions with respect to the similar disclosed polynucleotide sequences. These variations result in polynucleotide variants encoding polypeptides that share at least one functional characteristic (i.e., a presently disclosed transcription factor and a variant will confer at least one of the same functions to a plant).

Within the scope of the invention is a variant of a nucleic acid listed in the Sequence Listing, that is, one having a sequence that differs from the one of the polynucleotide sequences in the Sequence Listing, or a complementary sequence, that encodes a functionally equivalent polypeptide (i.e., a polypeptide having some degree of equivalent or similar biological activity) but differs in sequence from the sequence in the Sequence Listing, due to degeneracy in the genetic code.

“Allelic variant” or “polynucleotide allelic variant” refers to any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations may be “silent” or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences. “Allelic variant” and “polypeptide allelic variant” may also be used with respect to polypeptides, and in this case the terms refer to a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.

“Splice variant” or “polynucleotide splice variant” as used herein refers to alternative forms of RNA transcribed from a gene. Splice variation naturally occurs as a result of alternative sites being spliced within a single transcribed RNA molecule or between separately transcribed RNA molecules, and may result in several different forms of mRNA transcribed from the same gene. Thus, splice variants may encode polypeptides having different amino acid sequences, which, in the present context, will have at least one similar function in the organism (splice variation may also give rise to distinct polypeptides having different functions). “Splice variant” or “polypeptide splice variant” may also refer to a polypeptide encoded by a splice variant of a transcribed mRNA.

As used herein, “polynucleotide variants” may also refer to polynucleotide sequences that encode paralogs and orthologs of the presently disclosed polypeptide sequences. “Polypeptide variants” may refer to polypeptide sequences that are paralogs and orthologs of the presently disclosed polypeptide sequences.

Differences between presently disclosed polypeptides and polypeptide variants are limited so that the sequences of the former and the latter are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical. Presently disclosed polypeptide sequences and similar polypeptide variants may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations, which may be present in any combination. These differences may produce silent changes and result in a functionally equivalent transcription factor. Thus, it will be readily appreciated by those of skill in the art, that any of a variety of polynucleotide sequences is capable of encoding the transcription factors and transcription factor homolog polypeptides of the invention. A polypeptide sequence variant may have “conservative” changes, wherein a substituted amino acid has similar structural or chemical properties. Deliberate amino acid substitutions may thus be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues, as long as the functional or biological activity of the transcription factor is retained. For example, negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine, and amino acids with uncharged polar head groups having similar hydrophilicity values may include leucine, isoleucine, and valine; glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; serine and threonine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine. For more detail on conservative substitutions, see Table 5. More rarely, a variant may have “non-conservative” changes, e.g., replacement of a glycine with a tryptophan. Similar minor variations may also include amino acid deletions or insertions, or both. Related polypeptides may comprise, for example, additions and/or deletions of one or more N-linked or O-linked glycosylation sites, or an addition and/or a deletion of one or more cysteine residues. Guidance in determining which and how many amino acid residues may be substituted, inserted or deleted without abolishing functional or biological activity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, for example, DNASTAR software (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,544).

The term “plant” includes whole plants, shoot vegetative organs/structures (e.g., leaves, stems and tubers), roots, flowers and floral organs/structures (e.g., bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, anthers and ovules), seed (including embryo, endosperm, and seed coat) and fruit (the mature ovary), plant tissue (e.g., vascular tissue, ground tissue, and the like) and cells (e.g., guard cells, egg cells, and the like), and progeny of same. The class of plants that can be used in the method of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher and lower plants amenable to transformation techniques, including angiosperms (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, psilophytes, lycophytes, bryophytes, and multicellular algae. (See for example, FIG. 1, adapted from Daly et al. (2001) Plant Physiol. 127: 1328-1333; FIG. 2, adapted from Ku et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 9121-9126; and see also Tudge, in The Variety of Life, Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y. (2000) pp. 547-606).

A “transgenic plant” refers to a plant that contains genetic material not found in a wild-type plant of the same species, variety or cultivar. The genetic material may include a transgene, an insertional mutagenesis event (such as by transposon or T-DNA insertional mutagenesis), an activation tagging sequence, a mutated sequence, a homologous recombination event or a sequence modified by chimeraplasty. Typically, the foreign genetic material has been introduced into the plant by human manipulation, but any method can be used as one of skill in the art recognizes.

A transgenic plant may contain an expression vector or cassette. The expression cassette typically comprises a polypeptide-encoding sequence operably linked (i.e., under regulatory control of) to appropriate inducible or constitutive regulatory sequences that allow for the expression of polypeptide. The expression cassette can be introduced into a plant by transformation or by breeding after transformation of a parent plant. A plant refers to a whole plant, including seedlings and mature plants, as well as to a plant part, such as seed, fruit, leaf, or root, plant tissue, plant cells or any other plant material, e.g., a plant explant, as well as to progeny thereof, and to in vitro systems that mimic biochemical or cellular components or processes in a cell.

“Fragment”, with respect to a polynucleotide, refers to a clone or any part of a polynucleotide molecule that retains a usable, functional characteristic. Useful fragments include oligonucleotides and polynucleotides that may be used in hybridization or amplification technologies or in the regulation of replication, transcription or translation. A polynucleotide fragment” refers to any subsequence of a polynucleotide, typically, of at least about 9 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least about 30 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 50 nucleotides, of any of the sequences provided herein. Exemplary polynucleotide fragments are the first sixty consecutive nucleotides of the transcription factor polynucleotides listed in the Sequence Listing. Exemplary fragments also include fragments that comprise a region that encodes a conserved domain of a transcription factor.

Fragments may also include subsequences of polypeptides and protein molecules, or a subsequence of the polypeptide. Fragments may have uses in that they may have antigenic potential. In some cases, the fragment or domain is a subsequence of the polypeptide that performs at least one biological function of the intact polypeptide in substantially the same manner, or to a similar extent, as does the intact polypeptide. For example, a polypeptide fragment can comprise a recognizable structural motif or functional domain such as a DNA-binding site or domain that binds to a DNA promoter region, an activation domain, or a domain for protein-protein interactions, and may initiate transcription. Fragments can vary in size from as few as 3 amino acids to the full length of the intact polypeptide, but are preferably at least about 30 amino acids in length and more preferably at least about 60 amino acids in length. Exemplary polypeptide fragments are the first twenty consecutive amino acids of a mammalian protein encoded by are the first twenty consecutive amino acids of the transcription factor polypeptides listed in the Sequence Listing.

Exemplary fragments also include fragments that comprise a conserved domain of a transcription factor. An example of such an exemplary fragment would include amino acid residues 20-110 of G481 (SEQ ID NO: 88), as noted in Table 8.

The invention also encompasses production of DNA sequences that encode transcription factors and transcription factor derivatives, or fragments thereof, entirely by synthetic chemistry. After production, the synthetic sequence may be inserted into any of the many available expression vectors and cell systems using reagents well known in the art. Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into a sequence encoding transcription factors or any fragment thereof.

A “conserved domain” or “conserved region” as used herein refers to a region in heterologous polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences where there is a relatively high degree of sequence identity between the distinct sequences.

With respect to polynucleotides encoding presently disclosed transcription factors, a conserved region is preferably at least 10 base pairs (bp) in length.

A “conserved domain”, with respect to presently disclosed polypeptides refers to a domain within a transcription factor family that exhibits a higher degree of sequence homology, such as at least 26% sequence similarity, at least 16% sequence identity, preferably at least 40% sequence identity, preferably at least 65% sequence identity including conservative substitutions, and more preferably at least 80% sequence identity, and even more preferably at least 85%, or at least about 86%, or at least about 87%, or at least about 88%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 98% amino acid residue sequence identity of a polypeptide of consecutive amino acid residues. A fragment or domain can be referred to as outside a conserved domain, outside a consensus sequence, or outside a consensus DNA-binding site that is known to exist or that exists for a particular transcription factor class, family, or sub-family. In this case, the fragment or domain will not include the exact amino acids of a consensus sequence or consensus DNA-binding site of a transcription factor class, family or sub-family, or the exact amino acids of a particular transcription factor consensus sequence or consensus DNA-binding site. Furthermore, a particular fragment, region, or domain of a polypeptide, or a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide, can be “outside a conserved domain” if all the amino acids of the fragment, region, or domain fall outside of a defined conserved domain(s) for a polypeptide or protein. Sequences having lesser degrees of identity but comparable biological activity are considered to be equivalents.

As one of ordinary skill in the art recognizes, conserved domains of transcription factors may be identified as regions or domains of identity to a specific consensus sequence (see, for example, Riechmann et al. (2000) supra). Thus, by using alignment methods well known in the art, the conserved domains of the plant transcription factors for each of the following may be determined: the AP2 (APETALA2) domain transcription factor family (Riechmann and Meyerowitz (1998) supra; the MYB transcription factor family (ENBib; Martin and Paz-Ares (1997) supra); the MADS domain transcription factor family (Riechmann and Meyerowitz (1997) supra); the WRKY protein family (Ishiguro and Nakamura (1994) supra); the ankyrin-repeat protein family (Zhang et al. (1992) supra); the zinc finger protein (Z) family (Klug and Schwabe (1995) supra; Takatsuji (1998) supra); the homeobox (HB) protein family (Buerglin (1994) supra); the CAAT-element binding proteins (Forsburg and Guarente (1989) supra); the squamosa promoter binding proteins (SPB) (Klein et al. (1996) supra); the NAM protein family (Souer et al. (1996) supra); the IAA/AUX proteins (Abel et al. (1995) supra); the HLH/MYC protein family (Littlewood et al. (1994) supra); the DNA-binding protein (DBP) family (Tucker et al. (1994) supra); the bZIP family of transcription factors (Foster et al. (1994) supra); the Box P-binding protein (the BPF-1) family (da Costa e Silva et al. (1993) supra); the high mobility group (HMG) family (Bustin and Reeves (1996) supra); the scarecrow (SCR) family (Di Laurenzio et al. (1996) supra); the GF14 family (Wu et al. (1997) supra); the polycomb (PCOMB) family (Goodrich et al. (1997) supra); the teosinte branched (TEO) family (Luo et al. (1996) supra); the ABI3 family (Giraudat et al. (1992) supra); the triple helix (TH) family (Dehesh et al. (1990) supra); the EIL family (Chao et al. (1997) Cell supra); the AT-HOOK family (Reeves and Nissen (1990 supra); the S1FA family (Zhou et al. (1995) supra); the bZIPT2 family (Lu and Ferl (1995) supra); the YABBY family (Bowman et al. (1999) supra); the PAZ family (Bohmert et al. (1998) supra); a family of miscellaneous (MISC) transcription factors including the DPBF family (Kim et al. (1997) supra) and the SPF1 family (Ishiguro and Nakamura (1994) supra); the GARP family (Hall et al. (1998) supra), the TUBBY family (Boggin et al. (1999) supra), the heat shock family (Wu (1995 supra), the ENBP family (Christiansen et al. (1996) supra), the RING-zinc family (Jensen et al. (1998) supra), the PDBP family (Janik et al. (1989) supra), the PCF family (Cubas et al. (1999) supra), the SRS (SHI-related) family (Fridborg et al. (1999) supra), the CPP (cysteine-rich polycomb-like) family (Cvitanich et al. (2000) supra), the ARF (auxin response factor) family (Ulmasov et al. (1999) supra), the SWI/SNF family (Collingwood et al. (1999) supra), the ACBF family (Seguin et al. (1997) supra), PCGL (CG-1 like) family (da Costa e Silva et al. (1994) supra) the ARID family (Vazquez et al. (1999) supra), the Jumonji family, (Balciunas et al. (2000) supra), the bZIP-NIN family (Schauser et al. (1999) supra), the E2F family Kaelin et al. (1992) supra) and the GRF-like family (Knaap et al (2000) supra).

The conserved domains for each of polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2N, wherein N=1-229, are listed in Table 8 as described in Example VII. Also, many of the polypeptides of Table 8 have conserved domains specifically indicated by start and stop sites. A comparison of the regions of the polypeptides in SEQ ID NO: 2N, wherein N=1-229, or of those in Table 8, allows one of skill in the art to identify conserved domain(s) for any of the polypeptides listed or referred to in this disclosure, including those in Tables 7-11.

As used herein, a “gene” is a functional unit of inheritance, and in physical terms is a particular segment or sequence of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA (or RNA, in the case of RNA viruses) involved in producing a functional RNA molecule, such as one used for a structural or regulatory role, or a polypeptide chain, such as one used for a structural or regulatory role (an example of the latter would be transcription regulation, as by a transcription factor polypeptide). Polypeptides may then be subjected to subsequent processing such as splicing and/or folding to obtain a functional polypeptide. A gene may be isolated, partially isolated, or be found with an organism's genome. By way of example, a transcription factor gene encodes a transcription factor polypeptide, which may be functional with or without additional processing to function as an initiator of transcription.

Operationally, genes may be defined by the cis-trans test, a genetic test that determines whether two mutations occur in the same gene and which may be used to determine the limits of the genetically active unit (Rieger et al. (1976) Glossary of Genetics and Cytogenetics: Classical and Molecular, 4th ed., Springer Verlag. Berlin). A gene generally includes regions preceding (“leaders”; upstream) and following (“trailers”; downstream) of the coding region. A gene may also include intervening, non-coded sequences, referred to as “introns”, which are located between individual coding segments, referred to as “exons”. Most genes have an identifiable associated promoter region, a regulatory sequence 5′ or upstream of the transcription initiation codon. The function of a gene may also be regulated by enhancers, operators, and other regulatory elements.

A “trait” refers to a physiological, morphological, biochemical, or physical characteristic of a plant or particular plant material or cell. In some instances, this characteristic is visible to the human eye, such as seed or plant size, or can be measured by biochemical techniques, such as detecting the protein, starch, or oil content of seed or leaves, or by observation of a metabolic or physiological process, e.g. by measuring uptake of carbon dioxide, or by the observation of the expression level of a gene or genes, e.g., by employing Northern analysis, RT-PCR, microarray gene expression assays, or reporter gene expression systems, or by agricultural observations such as stress tolerance, yield, or pathogen tolerance. Any technique can be used to measure the amount of, comparative level of, or difference in any selected chemical compound or macromolecule in the transgenic plants, however.

“Trait modification” refers to a detectable difference in a characteristic in a plant ectopically expressing a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention relative to a plant not doing so, such as a wild-type plant. In some cases, the trait modification can be evaluated quantitatively. For example, the trait modification can entail at least about a 2% increase or decrease in an observed trait (difference), at least a 5% difference, at least about a 10% difference, at least about a 20% difference, at least about a 30%, at least about a 50%, at least about a 70%, or at least about a 100%, or an even greater difference compared with a wild-type plant. It is known that there can be a natural variation in the modified trait. Therefore, the trait modification observed entails a change of the normal distribution of the trait in the plants compared with the distribution observed in wild-type plant.

The term “transcript profile” refers to the expression levels of a set of genes in a cell in a particular state, particularly by comparison with the expression levels of that same set of genes in a cell of the same type in a reference state. For example, the transcript profile of a particular transcription factor in a suspension cell is the expression levels of a set of genes in a cell overexpressing that transcription factor compared with the expression levels of that same set of genes in a suspension cell that has normal levels of that transcription factor. The transcript profile can be presented as a list of those genes whose expression level is significantly different between the two treatments, and the difference ratios. Differences and similarities between expression levels may also be evaluated and calculated using statistical and clustering methods.

“Wild type”, as used herein, refers to a cell, tissue or plant that has not been genetically modified to knock out or overexpress one or more of the presently disclosed transcription factors. Wild-type cells, tissue or plants may be used as controls to compare levels of expression and the extent and nature of trait modification with modified (e.g., transgenic) cells, tissue or plants in which transcription factor expression is altered or ectopically expressed by, for example, knocking out or overexpressing a gene.

“Ectopic expression” or “altered expression” in reference to a polynucleotide indicates that the pattern of expression in, e.g., a transgenic plant or plant tissue, is different from the expression pattern in a wild-type plant or a reference plant of the same species. The pattern of expression may also be compared with a reference expression pattern in a wild-type plant of the same species. For example, the polynucleotide or polypeptide is expressed in a cell or tissue type other than a cell or tissue type in which the sequence is expressed in the wild-type plant, or by expression at a time other than at the time the sequence is expressed in the wild-type plant, or by a response to different inducible agents, such as hormones or environmental signals, or at different expression levels (either higher or lower) compared with those found in a wild-type plant. Altered expression may be achieved by, for example, transformation of a plant with an expression cassette having a constitutive or inducible promoter element associated with a transcription factor gene. The resulting expression pattern can thus constitutive or inducible, and be stable or transient. Altered or ectopic expression may also refer to altered expression patterns that are produced by lowering the levels of expression to below the detection level or completely abolishing expression by, for example, knocking out a gene's expression by disrupting expression or regulation of the gene with an insertion element.

In reference to a polypeptide, the term “ectopic expression or altered expression” further may relate to altered activity levels resulting from the interactions of the polypeptides with exogenous or endogenous modulators or from interactions with factors or as a result of the chemical modification of the polypeptides.

The term “overexpression” as used herein refers to a greater expression level of a gene in a plant, plant cell or plant tissue, compared to expression in a wild-type plant, cell or tissue, at any developmental or temporal stage for the gene. Overexpression can occur when, for example, the genes encoding one or more transcription factors are under the control of a strong expression signal, such as one of the promoters described herein (e.g., the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S transcription initiation region). Overexpression may occur throughout a plant or in specific tissues of the plant, depending on the promoter used, as described below.

Overexpression may take place in plant cells normally lacking expression of polypeptides functionally equivalent or identical to the present transcription factors. Overexpression may also occur in plant cells where endogenous expression of the present transcription factors or functionally equivalent molecules normally occurs, but such normal expression is at a lower level than in the organism or tissues of the overexpressor. Overexpression thus results in a greater than normal production, or “overproduction” of the transcription factor in the plant, cell or tissue.

The term “phase change” refers to a plant's progression from embryo to adult, and, by some definitions, the transition wherein flowering plants gain reproductive competency. It is believed that phase change occurs either after a certain number of cell divisions in the shoot apex of a developing plant, or when the shoot apex achieves a particular distance from the roots. Thus, altering the timing of phase changes may affect a plant's size, which, in turn, may affect yield and biomass.

Traits that May be Modified in Overexpressing or Knock-Out Plants

Trait modifications of particular interest include those to seed (such as embryo or endosperm), fruit, root, flower, leaf, stem, shoot, seedling or the like, including: enhanced tolerance to environmental conditions including freezing, chilling, heat, drought, water saturation, radiation and ozone; improved tolerance to microbial, fungal or viral diseases; improved tolerance to pest infestations, including insects, nematodes, mollicutes, parasitic higher plants or the like; decreased herbicide sensitivity; improved tolerance of heavy metals or enhanced ability to take up heavy metals; improved growth under poor photoconditions (e.g., low light and/or short day length), or changes in expression levels of genes of interest. Other phenotype that can be modified relate to the production of plant metabolites, such as variations in the production of taxol, tocopherol, tocotrienol, sterols, phytosterols, vitamins, wax monomers, anti-oxidants, amino acids, lignins, cellulose, tannins, prenyllipids (such as chlorophylls and carotenoids), glucosinolates, and terpenoids, enhanced or compositionally altered protein or oil production (especially in seeds), or modified sugar (insoluble or soluble) and/or starch composition. Physical plant characteristics that can be modified include cell development (such as the number of trichomes), fruit and seed size and number, yields of plant parts such as stems, leaves, inflorescences, and roots, the stability of the seeds during storage, characteristics of the seed pod (e.g., susceptibility to shattering), root hair length and quantity, internode distances, or the quality of seed coat. Plant growth characteristics that can be modified include growth rate, germination rate of seeds, vigor of plants and seedlings, leaf and flower senescence, male sterility, apomixis, flowering time, flower abscission, rate of nitrogen uptake, osmotic sensitivity to soluble sugar concentrations, biomass or transpiration characteristics, as well as plant architecture characteristics such as apical dominance, branching patterns, number of organs, organ identity, organ shape or size.

Transcription Factors Modify Expression of Endogenous Genes

Expression of genes that encode transcription factors that modify expression of endogenous genes, polynucleotides, and proteins are well known in the art. In addition, transgenic plants comprising isolated polynucleotides encoding transcription factors may also modify expression of endogenous genes, polynucleotides, and proteins. Examples include Peng et al. (1997) Genes and Development 11: 3194-3205, and Peng et al. (1999) Nature 400: 256-261. In addition, many others have demonstrated that an Arabidopsis transcription factor expressed in an exogenous plant species elicits the same or very similar phenotypic response. See, for example, Fu et al. (2001) Plant Cell 13: 1791-1802; Nandi et al. (2000, Curr. Biol. 10: 215-218; Coupland (1995) Nature 377: 482-483; and Weigel and Nilsson (1995) Nature 377: 482-500.

In another example, Mandel et al. (1992) Cell 71-133-143 and Suzulk et al. (2001) Plant J. 28: 409-418, teach that a transcription factor expressed in another plant species elicits the same or very similar phenotypic response of the endogenous sequence, as often predicted in earlier studies of Arabidopsis transcription factors in Arabidopsis (see Mandel et al. (1992) supra; Suzuki et al. (2001) supra).

Other examples include Müller et al. (2001) Plant J. 28: 169-179; Kim et al. (2001) Plant J. 25: 247-259; Kyozuka and Shimamoto (2002) Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 130-135; Boss and Thomas (2002) Nature 416: 847-850; He et al. (2000) Transgenic Res. 9: 223-227; and Robson et al. (2001) Plant J. 28: 619-631.

In yet another example, Gilmour et al. (1998) Plant J. 16: 433-442, teach an Arabidopsis AP2 transcription factor, CBF1 (SEQ ID NO: 1956), which, when overexpressed in transgenic plants, increases plant freezing tolerance. Jaglo et al. (2001) Plant Physiol. 127: 910-917, further identified sequences in Brassica napus which encode CBF-like genes and that transcripts for these genes accumulated rapidly in response to low temperature. Transcripts encoding CBF-like proteins were also found to accumulate rapidly in response to low temperature in wheat, as well as in tomato. An alignment of the CBF proteins from Arabidopsis, B. napus, wheat, rye, and tomato revealed the presence of conserved consecutive amino acid residues, PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP and DSAWR, that bracket the AP2/EREBP DNA binding domains of the proteins and distinguish them from other members of the AP2/EREBP protein family. (See Jaglo et al. supra).

Gao et al. (2002) Plant Molec. Biol. 49: 459-471) have recently described four CBF transcription factors from Brassica napus: BNCBFs 5, 7, 16 and 17. They note that the first three CBFs (GenBank Accession Numbers AAM18958, AAM18959, and AAM18960, respectively) are very similar to Arabidopsis CBF1, whereas BNCBF17 (GenBank Accession Number AAM18961) is similar but contains two extra regions of 16 and 21 amino acids in its acidic activation domain. All four B. napus CBFs accumulate in leaves of the plants after cold-treatment, and BNCBFs 5, 7, 16 accumulated after salt stress treatment. The authors concluded that these BNCBFs likely function in low-temperature responses in B. napus.

In a functional study of CBF genes, Hsieh et al. ((2002) Plant Physiol. 129: 1086-1094) found that heterologous expression of Arabidopsis CBF1 in tomato plants confers increased tolerance to chilling and considerable tolerance to oxidative stress, which suggested to the authors that ectopic Arabidopsis CBF1 expression may induce several tomato stress responsive genes to protect the plants.

Transcription factors mediate cellular responses and control traits through altered expression of genes containing cis-acting nucleotide sequences that are targets of the introduced transcription factor. It is well appreciated in the Art that the effect of a transcription factor on cellular responses or a cellular trait is determined by the particular genes whose expression is either directly or indirectly (e.g., by a cascade of transcription factor binding events and transcriptional changes) altered by transcription factor binding. In a global analysis of transcription comparing a standard condition with one in which a transcription factor is overexpressed, the resulting transcript profile associated with transcription factor overexpression is related to the trait or cellular process controlled by that transcription factor. For example, the PAP2 gene (and other genes in the MYB family) have been shown to control anthocyanin biosynthesis through regulation of the expression of genes known to be involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (Bruce et al. (2000) Plant Cell 12: 65-79; and Borevitz et al. (2000) Plant Cell 12: 2383-2393). Further, global transcript profiles have been used successfully as diagnostic tools for specific cellular states (e.g., cancerous vs. non-cancerous; Bhattacharjee et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 13790-13795; and Xu et al. (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 98: 15089-15094). Consequently, it is evident to one skilled in the art that similarity of transcript profile upon overexpression of different transcription factors would indicate similarity of transcription factor function.

Polypeptides and Polynucleotides of the Invention

The present invention provides, among other things, transcription factors (TFs), and transcription factor homolog polypeptides, and isolated or recombinant polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, or novel sequence variant polypeptides or polynucleotides encoding novel variants of transcription factors derived from the specific sequences provided here. These polypeptides and polynucleotides may be employed to modify a plant's characteristics.

Exemplary polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides of the invention were identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana GenBank database using publicly available sequence analysis programs and parameters. Sequences initially identified were then further characterized to identify sequences comprising specified sequence strings corresponding to sequence motifs present in families of known transcription factors. In addition, further exemplary polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides of the invention were identified in the plant GenBank database using publicly available sequence analysis programs and parameters. Sequences initially identified were then further characterized to identify sequences comprising specified sequence strings corresponding to sequence motifs present in families of known transcription factors. Polynucleotide sequences meeting such criteria were confirmed as transcription factors.

Additional polynucleotides of the invention were identified by screening Arabidopsis thaliana and/or other plant cDNA libraries with probes corresponding to known transcription factors under low stringency hybridization conditions. Additional sequences, including full length coding sequences were subsequently recovered by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedure, using a commercially available kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Where necessary, multiple rounds of RACE are performed to isolate 5′ and 3′ ends. The full-length cDNA was then recovered by a routine end-to-end polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific to the isolated 5′ and 3′ ends. Exemplary sequences are provided in the Sequence Listing.

The polynucleotides of the invention can be or were ectopically expressed in overexpressor or knockout plants and the changes in the characteristic(s) or trait(s) of the plants observed. Therefore, the polynucleotides and polypeptides can be employed to improve the characteristics of plants.

The polynucleotides of the invention can be or were ectopically expressed in overexpressor plant cells and the changes in the expression levels of a number of genes, polynucleotides, and/or proteins of the plant cells observed. Therefore, the polynucleotides and polypeptides can be employed to change expression levels of a genes, polynucleotides, and/or proteins of plants.

Specific examples of the polypeptides and polynucleotides of the invention and experimental observations made after modifying their expression in plants may be found in the following text and tables.

CCAAT-Element Binding Protein Transcription Factor Family

G481 (AT2G38880) and G482 are members of the HAP3 sub-group of the CCAAT binding factor family (CAAT). G481, G481 and their related sequences were included a program to test the ability of these sequences to confer the same drought-related abiotic stress previously observed by us in 35S::G481 lines.

The CAAT family of transcription factors, also be referred to as the “CCAAT” or “CCAAT-box” family, are characterized by their ability to bind to the CCAAT-box element located 80 to 300 bp 5′ from a transcription start site (Gelinas et al. (1985) Nature 313: 323-325). The CCAAT-box is a conserved cis-acting regulatory element with the consensus sequence CCAAT that is found in the promoters of genes from all eukaryotic species. The element can act in either orientation, alone or as multimeric regions with possible cooperation with other cis regulatory elements (Tasanen et al. (1992) (J. Biol. Chem. 267: 11513-11519). It has been estimated that 25% of eukaryotic promoters harbor this element (Bucher (1988) J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 5: 1231-1236). CCAAT-box elements have been shown to function in the regulation of gene expression in plants (Rieping and Schoffl (1992) Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 226-232; Kehoe et al. (1994) Plant Cell 6: 1123-1134; Ito et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol. 36: 1281-1289). Several reports have described the importance of the CCAAT-binding element for regulated expression; including the regulation of genes that are responsive to light (Kusnetsov et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274: 36009-36014; Carre and Kay (1995) Plant Cell 7: 2039-2051) as well as stress (Rieping and Schoffl (1992) supra). Specifically, a CCAAT-box motif was shown to be important for the light regulated expression of the CAB2 promoter in Arabidopsis, however, the proteins that bind to the site were not identified (Carre and Kay (1995) supra). To date, no specific Arabidopsis CCAAT-box binding protein has been functionally associated with its corresponding target genes. In October of 2002 at an EPSO meeting on Plant Networks, a seminar was given by Detlef Weigel (Tuebingen) on the control of the AGAMOUS (a floral organ identity gene) gene in Arabidopsis. In order to find important cis-elements that regulate AGAMOUS activity, he aligned the promoter regions from 29 different Brassicaceae species and showed that there were two highly conserved regions; one well characterized site that binds LEAFY/WUS heterodimers and another putative CCAAT-box binding motif. We have discovered several CCAAT-box genes that regulate flowering time and are candidates for binding to the AGAMOUS promoter. One of these genes, G485, is a HAP3-like protein that is closely related to G481. Gain of function and loss of function studies on G485 reveal opposing effects on flowering time, indicating that the gene is both sufficient to act as a floral activator, and is also necessary in that role within the plant.

The first proteins identified that bind to the CCAAT-box element were identified in yeast. The CCAAT-box transcription factors bind as hetero-tetrameric complex called the HAP complex (heme activator protein complex) or the CCAAT binding factor (Forsburg and Guarente (1988) Mol. Cell Biol. 8: 647-654). The HAP complex in yeast is composed of at least four subunits, HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5. In addition, the proteins that make up the HAP2, 3, 4, 5 complex are represented by single genes. Their function is specific for the activation of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism (Dang et al. (1996) Mol. Microbiol. 22:681-692). In mammals, the CCAAT binding factor is a trimeric complex consisting of NF-YA (HAP2-like), NF-YB (HAP3-like) and NF-YC (HAP5-like) subunits (Maity and de Crombrugghe (1998) Trends Biochem. Sci. 23: 174-178). In plants, analogous members of the CCAAT binding factor complex are represented by small gene families, and it is likely that these genes play a more complex role in regulating gene transcription. In Arabidopsis there are ten members of the HAP2 subfamily, ten members of the HAP3 subfamily, thirteen members of the HAP5 subfamily. Plants and mammals, however, do not appear to have a protein equivalent of HAP4 of yeast. HAP4 is not required for DNA binding in yeast although it provides the primary activation domain for the complex (McNabb et al. (1995) Genes Dev. 9: 47-58; Olesen and Guarente (1990) Genes Dev. 4, 1714-1729).

In manuals, the CCAAT-box element is found in the promoters of many genes and it is therefore been proposed that CCAAT binding factors serve as general transcriptional regulators that influence the frequency of transcriptional initiation (Maity and de Crombrugghe (1998) supra). CCAAT binding factors, however, can serve to regulate target promoters in response to environmental cues and it has been demonstrated that assembly of CCAAT binding factors on target promoters occurs in response to a variety signals (Myers et al. (1986) Myers et al. (1986) Science 232: 613-618; Maity and de Crombrugghe (1998) supra; Bezhani et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 23785-23789). Mammalian CP1 and NF-Y are both heterotrimeric CCAAT binding factor complexes (Johnson and McKnight (1989) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 58: 799-839. Plant CCAAT binding factors are assumed to be trimeric, as is the case in mammals, however, they could associate with other transcription factors on target promoters as part of a larger complex. The CCAAT box is generally found in close proximity of other promoter elements and it is generally accepted that the CCAAT binding factor functions synergistically with other transcription factors in the regulation of transcription. In addition, it has recently been shown that a HAP3-like protein from rice, OsNF-YB1, interacts with a MADS-box protein OsMADS18 in vitro (Masiero et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277: 26429-26435). It was also shown that the in vitro ternary complex between these two types of transcription factors requires that both; OsNF-YB1 form a dimer with a HAP5-like protein, and that OsMADS18 form a heterodimer with another MADS-box protein. Interestingly, the OsNF-YB1/HAP5 protein dimer is incapable of interacting with HAP2-like subunits and therefore cannot bind the CCAAT element. The authors therefore speculate that there is a select set of HAP3-like proteins in plants that act on non-CCAAT promoter elements by virtue of their interaction with other non-CCAAT transcription factors (Masiero et al. (2002) supra). In support of this, HAP3/HAP5 subunit dimers have been shown to be able to interact with TFIID in the absence of HAP2 subunits (Romier et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278: 1336-1345).

The CCAAT-box motif is found in the promoters of a variety of plant genes. In addition, the expression pattern of many of the HAP-like genes in Arabidopsis shows developmental regulation. We have used RT-PCR to analyze the endogenous expression of 31 of the 34 CCAAT-box proteins. Our findings suggest that while most of the CCAAT-box gene transcripts are found ubiquitously throughout the plant, in more than half of the cases, the genes are predominantly expressed in flower, embryo and/or silique tissues. Cell-type specific localization of the CCAAT genes in Arabidopsis would be very informative and could help determine the activity of various CCAAT genes in the plant.

Genetic analysis has determined the function of one Arabidopsis CCAAT gene, LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC1). LEC1 is a HAP3 subunit gene that accumulates only during seed development. Arabidopsis plants carrying a mutation in the LEC1 gene display embryos that are intolerant to desiccation and that show defects in seed maturation (Lotan et al. (1998) Cell 93: 1195-1205). This phenotype can be rescued if the embryos are allowed to grow before the desiccation process occurs during normal seed maturation. This result suggests LEC1 has a role in allowing the embryo to survive desiccation during seed maturation. The mutant plants also possess trichomes, or epidermal hairs on their cotyledons, a characteristic that is normally restricted to adult tissues like leaves and stems. Such an effect suggests that LEC1 also plays a role in specifying embryonic organ identity. In addition to the mutant analysis, the ectopic expression (unregulated overexpression) of the wild type LEC1 gene induces embryonic programs and embryo development in vegetative cells consistent with its role in coordinating higher plant embryo development. The ortholog of LEC1 has been identified recently in maize. The expression pattern of ZmLEC1 in maize during somatic embryo development is similar to that of LEC1 in Arabidopsis during zygotic embryo development (Zhang et al. (2002) Planta 215:191-194).

Matching the CCAAT transcription factors with target promoters and the analysis of the knockout and overexpression mutant phenotypes will help sort out whether these proteins act specifically or non-specifically in the control of plant pathways. The fact that CCAAT-box elements are not present in most plant promoters suggests that plant CCAAT binding factors most likely do not function as general components of the transcriptional machinery. In addition, the very specific role of the LEC1 protein in plant developmental processes supports the idea that CCAAT-box binding complexes play very specific roles in plant growth and development.

The Domain Structure of CCAAT-Element Binding Transcription Factors and Novel Conserved Domains in Arabidopsis and Other Species

Plant CCAAT binding factors potentially bind DNA as heterotrimers composed of HAP2-like, HAP3-like and HAP5-like subunits. All subunits contain regions that are required for DNA binding and subunit association. The subunit proteins appear to lack activation domains; therefore, that function must come from proteins with which they interact on target promoters. No proteins that provide the activation domain function for CCAAT binding factors have been identified in plants. In yeast, however, the HAP4 protein provides the primary activation domain (McNabb et al. (1995) Genes Dev. 9: 47-58; Olesen and Guarente (1990) Genes Dev. 4, 1714-1729).

HAP2-, HAP3- and HAP5-like proteins have two highly conserved sub-domains, one that functions in subunit interaction and the other that acts in a direct association with DNA. Outside these two regions, non-paralogous Arabidopsis HAP-like proteins are quite divergent in sequence and in overall length.

The general domain structure of HAP3 proteins is found in FIG. 9. HAP3 proteins contain an amino-terminal A domain, a central B domain and a carboxy-terminal C domain. There is very little sequence similarity between HAP3 proteins in the A and C domains; it is therefore reasonable to assume that the A and C domains could provide a degree of functional specificity to each member of the HAP3 subfamily. The B domain is the conserved region that specifies DNA binding and subunit association.

In FIGS. 10A-10F, HAP3 proteins from Arabidopsis, soybean, rice and corn are aligned with G481, with the A, B and C domains and the DNA binding and subunit interaction domains indicated. As can be seen in FIG. 10B-10C, the B domain of the non-LEC1-like clade (identified in FIGS. 6 and 7) may be distinguished by the amino acid residues:

Ser/Gly-Arg-Ile/Leu-Met-Lys-(Xaa)₂-Lys/Ile/Val-Pro-Xaa-Asn-Ala/Gly-Lys-Ile/Val-Ser/Ala/Gly-Lys-Asp/Glu-Ala/Ser-Lys-Glu/Asp/Gln-Thr/Ile-Xaa-Gln-Glu-Cys-Val/Ala-Ser/Thr-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ser-Phe-Ile/Val/His-Thr/Ser-[Pro]-Gly/Ser/Cys-Glu-Ala/Leu-Ser/Ala-Asp/Glu/Gly-Lys/Glu-Cys-Gln/His-Arg/Lys-Glu-Lys/Asn-Arg-Lys-Thr-Ile/Val-Asn-Gly-Asp/Glu-Asp-Leu/Ile-Xaa-Trp/Phe-Ala-Met/Ile/Leu-Xaa-Thr/Asn-Leu-Gly-Phe/Leu-Glu/Asp-Xaa-Tyr-(Xaa)₂-Pro/Gln/Ala-Leu/Val-Lys/Gly;

where Xaa can be any amino acid. The proline residue that appears in brackets is an additional residue that was found in only one sequence (not shown in FIG. 10B). The boldfaced residues that appear here and in the consensus sequences of FIGS. 10B-10C in their present positions are uniquely found in the non-LEC1-like clade, and may be used to identify members of this clade. The G482-like subclade may be delineated by the underlined serine residue in its present position here and in the consensus sequence of FIGS. 10B-10C. More generally, the non-LEC1-like clade is distinguished by a B domain comprising:

Asn-(Xaa)₄-Lys-(Xaa)₃₃₋₃₄-Asn-Gly;

and the G482 subclade is distinguished by a B-domain comprising:

Ser-(Xaa)₉-Asn-(Xaa)₄-Lys-(Xaa)₃₃₋₃₄-Asn-Gly.

Overexpression of these polypeptides confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in a transgenic plant, as compared to a non-transformed plant that does not overexpress the polypeptide.

The CCAAT Family Members Under Study

G481, G482 and G485 (polynucleotide SEQ ID NOs: 87, 89 and 2009) were chosen for study based on observations that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing these genes had resistance to abiotic stresses, such as osmotic stress, and including drought-related stress (see Example XIII, below). G481, G482 and G485 are members of the CCAAT family, proteins that act in a multi-subunit complex and are believed to bind CCAAT boxes in promoters of target genes as trimers or tetramers.

In Arabidopsis, three types of CCAAT binding proteins exist: HAP2, HAP3 and HAP5. The G481, G482 and G485 polypeptides, as well as a number of other proteins in the Arabidopsis proteome, belong to the HAP3 class. As reported in the scientific literature thus far, only two genes from the HAP3 class have been functionally analyzed to a substantial degree. These are LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) and its most closely related subunit, LEC1-LIKE (L1L). LEC1 and L1L are expressed primarily during seed development. Both appear to be essential for embryo survival of desiccation during seed maturation (Kwong et al. (2003) Plant Cell 15: 5-18). LEC1 is a critical regulator required for normal development during the early and late phases of embryogenesis that is sufficient to induce embryonic development in vegetative cells. Kwong et al. showed that ten Arabidopsis HAP3 subunits can be divided into two classes based on sequence identity in their central, conserved B domain. LEC1 and L1L constitute LEC1-type HAP3 subunits, whereas the remaining HAP3 subunits were designated non-LEC1-type.

Phylogenetic trees based on sequential relatedness of the HAP3 genes are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. As can be seen in these figures showing the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family, G1364 and G2345 are closely related to G481, and G482 and G485 are more related to G481 than either LEC1 or L1L, the latter two sequences being found on somewhat more distant nodes. The present invention encompasses the G482 subclade of these non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family, for which a representative number of monocot and dicot species, including members from dicot and monocot species (for example, Arabidopsis sequences G481, G482, G485, G1364 and G2345, soy sequences G3472, G3475, G3476, rice sequences G3395, G3397, G3398, and corn sequences G3434, and G3436), have been shown to confer improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants when overexpressed.

Table 1 shows the polypeptides identified by SEQ ID NO; Gene ID (GID) No.; the transcription factor family to which the polypeptide belongs, and conserved B domains of the polypeptide. The first column shows the polypeptide SEQ ID NO; the second column the species (abbreviated) and identifier (GID or “Gene IDentifier); the third column shows the B domain; the fourth column shows the amino acid coordinates of the conserved domain which were used to determine percentage identity to G481; and the fifth column shows the percentage identity to G481. The sequences are arranged in descending order of percentage identity to G481.

For Tables 1 and 2, homology was determined after aligning the sequences using the methods of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482-489. After alignment, sequence comparisons between the polypeptides were performed by comparison over a comparison window to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. A description of the method is provided in Ausubel et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1998, and supplements through 2001), Altschul et al. (1990). J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410; and Gish and States (1993) Nature Genetics 3: 266-72. The percentage identity reported in these tables is based on the comparison within these windows. TABLE 1 Gene families and B domains Species/ GID No., Amino Acid % ID to CCAAT-box Accession Coordinates for binding conserved Polypeptide No., or Percent Identity domain of G481 SEQ ID NO: Identifier B Domain Determination (SEQ ID NO: 88) 88 At/G481 REQDRYLPIANISRIMKKALPPNGKI 20-110 100%  GKDAKDTVQECVSEFISFITSEASDK CQKEKRKTVNGDDLLWAMATLGFEDY LEPLKIYLARYRE 806 Zm/G3434 REQDRFLPIANISRIMKKAVPANGKI 18-108 85% AKDAKETLQECVSEFISFVTSEASDK CQKEKRKTINGDDLLWAMATLGFEEY VEPLKIYLQKYKE 2102 At/G1364 REQDRFLPIANISRIMKRGLPANGKI 29-119 85% AKDAKEIVQECVSEFISFVTSEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMATLGFEDY MEPLKVYLMRYRE 800 Gm/G3475 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 23-113 84% SKDAKETVQECVSEFISFITGEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEDY VEPLKGYLQRFRE 2010 At/G485 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 20-110 84% SKDAKETVQECVSEFISFITGEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEDY VEPLKVYLQKYRE 798 Gm/G3476 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 26-116 84% SKDAKETVQECYSEFISFITGEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEEY VEPLKIYLQRFRE 2172 At/G2345 REQDRFLPIANISRIMKRGLPLNGKI 28-118 84% AKDAKETMQECVSEFISFVTSEASDK CQREKRFTINGDDLLWAMATLGFEDY IDPLKVYLMRYRE 90 At/G482 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 26-116 83% SKDAKETMQECVSEFISFVTGEASDK CQKEKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEDY VEPLKVYLQRFRE 801 Gm/G3472 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 25-115 83% SKEAKETVQECVSEFISFITGEASDK CQKEKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEEY VEPLKVYLHKYRE 805 Zm/G3436 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 20-110 83% SKDAKETVQECVSEFISFITGEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEDY VEPLKLYLHKFRE 794 Os/G3397 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKKALPANAKI 23-113 82% SKDAKETVQECVSEFISFITGEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEDY VDPLKHYLHKFRE 790 Os/G3395 REQDRFLPIANISRIMKKAVPANGKI 19-109 82% AKDAXETLQECVSEFISFVTSEASDK CQKEKRKTINGEDLLFAMGTLGFEEY VDPLKIYLHKYRE 796 Os/G3398 REQDRFLPIANVSRIMKRALPANAKI 21-111 81% SKDAKETVQECVSEFISFITGEASDK CQREKRKTINGDDLLWAMTTLGFEDY IDPLKLYLHKFRE At/G1821 REQDRFMPIANVIRIMRRILPAHAKI 28-118 62% L1L SDDSKETIQECVSEYISFITGEANER NP_199578 CQREQRKTITAEDVLWAMSKLGFDDY IEPLTLYLHRYRE At/ REQDQYMPIANVIRIMRKTLPSHAKI 28-118 62% AAC39488 SDDAKETIQECVSEYISFVTGEANER LEC1 CQREQRKTITAEDILWAMSKLGFDNY VDPLTVFINRYRE Abbreviations At Arabidopsis thaliana Gm Glycine max Os Oryza sativa Zm Zea mays G682 and the MYB-Related Transcription Factors

G682 is a member of the MYB-related group of transcription factors. G682 and its related sequences were included a program to test the ability of these sequences to confer the same drought-related abiotic stress previously observed by us in 35S::G82 lines.

We first identified G682 as a putative transcription factor from the Arabidopsis BAC, AF007269, based on sequence similarity to other members of the MYB-related family within the conserved domain. To date, no functional data are available for this gene in the literature. The gene corresponds to At4G01060, annotated by the Arabidopsis Genome initiative. G682 is one of a 5-member clade of related proteins that range in size from 75 to 112 amino acids. These proteins contain a single MYB repeat, which is not uncommon for plant MYB transcription factors. Information on gene function has been published for two of the genes in this lade, CAPRICE (CPC/G225) and TRIPTYCHON (TRY/G1816). Published information on gene function is not available for two additional members of the lade; G226 and G2718. our initial genomics program, members of the G682 lade were found to promote epidermal cell type alterations when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. These changes include both increased numbers of root hairs compared to wild type plants, as well as a reduction in trichome number. In addition, overexpression lines for all members of the lade showed a reduction in anthocyanin accumulation in response to stress, and enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress. In the case of 35S::G682 transgenic lines, an enhanced tolerance to high heat conditions was also observed. Given the phenotypic responses for G682 and its clade members, a sizeable number of clade members were included in the present drought-stress study. Table 2 summarizes the functional genomics data found in our investigation of G682 and its lade members. TABLE 2 G682-clade experimental observations GID TRY Observation G226 G682 (G1816) G2718 Reduction in Trichome # X X X X Increased Root Hair # X X X X N Tolerance X X X Heat Tolerance X Salt Tolerance X Sugar response X

There are approximately 50 members of this family in Arabidopsis. The MYB-related DNA-binding domain contains approximately 50 amino acids with a series of highly conserved residues arranged with a characteristic spacing. The single-repeat MYB proteins do not contain a typical transcriptional activation domain and this suggests that they may function by interfering with the formation or activity of transcription factors or transcription factor complexes (Wada et al. (1997) Science 277: 1113-1116; Schellmann et al. (2002) EMBO J. 21: 5036-5046). In addition to the G682 clade, two well characterized transcription factors, CIRCADLIN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1/G214) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY/G680) represent two additional well-characterized MYB-related proteins that contain single MYB repeats (Wang et al. (1997) Plant Cell 9: 491-507; Schaffer et al. (1998) Cell 93: 1219-1229).

The difference in the phenotypic responses of the G682-clade overexpression lines (Table 2), along with the differences in the CPC (G225) and TRY (G1816) mutant phenotypes (Schellmann et al. (2002) supra), suggest that each of the five Arabidopsis genes in the clade have distinct but overlapping functions in the plant. In the case of 35S::G682 transgenic lines, an enhanced tolerance to high heat conditions was observed. Heat can cause osmotic stress, and it is therefore consistent that these transgenic lines were also more tolerant to drought stress in a soil-based assay. Another common feature for four of five members of this clade is that they enhance performance under nitrogen-limiting conditions. 35S::G682 plants lacked this feature in the first round of screening, but given the high throughput nature of the genomics program, it is possible this phenotype would have been observed if a greater number of lines had been examined.

All of the genes in the Arabidopsis G682 clade reduced trichomes and increased root hairs when constitutively overexpressed (Table 2). It is unknown, however, whether the drought-tolerance phenotypes in these lines is related to the increase in root hairs on the root epidermis. Increasing root hair density may increase in absorptive surface area and increase in nitrate transporters that are normally found there. Alternatively, the wer, ttg1 and gl2 mutations, all of which increase root hair frequency, and have also been shown to cause ectopic stomate formation on the epidermis of hypocotyls. Thus, it is possible that CPC and TRY could be involved in the development, or regulation, of stomates as well (Hung et al. (1998) Plant Physiol. 117: 73-84, 1998; Berger et al. (1998) Curr. Biol. 8: 421-430; Lee and Schiefelbein (1999) Cell 99: 473-483). The CPC (G225) and TRY (G1816) proteins have not been reported to alter hypocotyl epidermal cell fate; however, ectopic expression may have resulted in an alteration in stomate production in this tissue. Since alterations in stomate production could alter plant water status, it should be examined in transgenics expressing the genes of the G682 clade, particularly in lines that show increased drought tolerance.

Interestingly, our data also suggest that G1816 (TRY) overexpression lines had a glucose sugar sensing phenotype. Several sugar sensing mutants have turned out to be allelic to ABA and ethylene mutants. This potentially implicates G1816 in hormone signaling.

As noted below, overexpression of a number of Arabidopsis and non-Arabidopsis the members of the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors conferred increased abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants, as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species a (i.e., non-transformed plant that did not overexpress these polypeptides).

Table 3 shows the polypeptides identified by SEQ ID NO; Gene ID (GID) No.; the transcription factor family to which the polypeptide belongs, and conserved MYB-related domains of the polypeptide. The first column shows the polypeptide SEQ ID NO; the second column the species and GID; the third column shows the MYB-related domain; the fourth column shows the amino acid coordinates of the conserved domain that were used to determine the percentage identity of that conserved domain to the MYB-related domain of G682; and the fifth column shows the percentage identity to G682. The sequences are arranged in descending order of percentage identity to G682. TABLE 3 Gene families and MYB-related domains Species/ % ID MYB- GID No., Amino Acid related Accession Coordinates for conserved Polypeptide No., or Percent Identity domain SEQ ID NO: Identifier MYB-related Domain Determination of G682 148 At/G682 EWEVVNMSQEEEDLVSRMHKL 27-63 100%  VGDRWELIAGRIPGRT 559 Os/G3393 AQNFVHFTEEEEDLVFRMHRLV 31-63 78% GNRWELIAGRIPGRT 2192 At/G2718 EWEEIAMAQEEEDLICRMYKLV 28-64 75% GERWDLIAGRIPGRT 1082 Os/G3392 AQNFVHFTEEEEDIVFRMHRLV 32-64 75% GNRWELIAGRIPGRT 1089 Zm/G3431 AQHLVDFTEAEEDLVSRMHRLV 30-63 73% GNRWEIIAGRIPGRT 1084 Gm/G3450 EWKVIHMSEQEEDLIRRMYKLV 16-51 72% GDKWNLIAGRIPGRK 2142 At/G1816 EWEFINMTEQEEDLIFRMYRLV 26-61 69% GDRWDLIAGRVPGRQ 1088 Gm/G3449 GSSKVEFSEDEETLIIRMYKLVG 26-58 69% ERWSLIAGRIPGRT 1087 Gm/G3448 GSSKVEFSEDEETLIIRMYKLVG 26-58 66% ERWSIIAGRIPGRT 38 At/G226 EWEFISMTEQEEDLISRMYRLV 34-69 63% GNRWDLIAGRVVGRK 1086 Gm/G3446 QVSDVEFSEAEEILIAMVYNLVG 26-58 60% ERWSLIAGRIPGRT 1083 Gm/G3445 QVSDVEFSEAEEILIAMVYNLVG 25-57 60% ERWSLIAGRIPGRT Abbreviations At Arabidopsis thaliana Gm Glycine max Os Oryza sativa Zm Zea mays

G682 and its paralogs and orthologs are composed (almost entirely) of a single MYB-repeat DNA binding domain that is highly conserved across plant species. An alignment of the G682-like proteins from Arabidopsis, soybean, rice and corn that are being analyzed in this trait module is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. No function has been assigned to any of these MYB-related genes outside of Arabidopsis.

Because the G682 clade members are short proteins that are comprised almost exclusively of a DNA binding motif, it is likely that they function as repressors. This is consistent with in expression analyses indicating that CPC represses its own transcription as well as that of WER and GL2 (Wada et al. (2002) supra; Lee and Schiefelbein (2002) supra). Repression may occur at the level of DNA binding through competition with other factors at target promoters, although repression via protein-protein interactions cannot be excluded.

The AP2 Family, Including the G47/G2133 and G1792 Clades.

AP2 (APETALA2) and EREBPs (Ethylene-Responsive Element Binding Proteins) are the prototypic members of a family of transcription factors unique to plants, whose distinguishing characteristic is that they contain the so-called AP2 DNA-binding domain (for a review, see Riechmann and Meyerowitz (1998) Biol. Chem. 379: 633-646). The AP2 domain was first recognized as a repeated motif within the Arabidopsis thaliana AP2 protein (Jofuku et al. (1994) Plant Cell 6: 1211-1225). Shortly afterwards, four DNA-binding proteins from tobacco were identified that interact with a sequence that is essential for the responsiveness of some promoters to the plant hormone ethylene, and were designated as ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (EREBPs; Ohme-Takagi et al. (1995) Plant Cell 7: 173-182). The DNA-binding domain of EREBP-2 was mapped to a region that was common to all four proteins (Ohme-Takagi et al (1995) supra), and that was found to be closely related to the AP2 domain (Weigel (1995) Plant Cell 7: 388-389) but that did not bear sequence similarity to previously known DNA-binding motifs.

AP2/EREBP genes form a large family, with many members known in several plant species (Okamuro et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 7076-7081; Riechmann and Meyerowitz (1998) supra). The number of AP2/EREBP genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome is approximately 145 (Riechmann et al. (2000) Science 290: 2105-2110). The APETALA2 class is characterized by the presence of two AP2 DNA binding domains, and contains 14 genes. The AP2/ERF is the largest subfamily, and includes 125 genes which are involved in abiotic (DREB subgroup) and biotic (ERF subgroup) stress responses and the RAV subgroup includes 6 genes which all have a B3 DNA binding domain in addition to the AP2 DNA binding domain (Kagaya et al. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27: 470-478).

Arabidopsis AP2 is involved in the specification of sepal and petal identity through its activity as a homeotic gene that forms part of the combinatorial genetic mechanism of floral organ identity determination and it is also required for normal ovule and seed development (Bowman et al. (1991) Development 112: 1-20; Jofuku et al. (1994) supra). Arabidopsis ANT is required for ovule development and it also plays a role in floral organ growth (Elliott et al. (1996) Plant Cell 8: 155-168; Klucher et al. (1996) Plant Cell 8: 137-153). Finally, maize G115 regulates leaf epidermal cell identity (Moose et al. (1996) Genes Dev. 10: 3018-3027).

The attack of a plant by a pathogen may induce defense responses that lead to resistance to the invasion, and these responses are associated with transcriptional activation of defense-related genes, among them those encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The involvement of EREBP-like genes in controlling the plant defense response is based on the observation that many PR gene promoters contain a short cis-acting element that mediates their responsiveness to ethylene (ethylene appears to be one of several signal molecules controlling the activation of defense responses). Tobacco EREBP-1, -2, -3, and -4, and tomato Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6 proteins have been shown to recognize such cis-acting elements (Ohme-Takagi (1995) supra; Zhou et al. (1997) EMBO J. 16: 3207-3218). In addition, Pti4, Pti5, and Pti6 proteins have been shown to directly interact with Pto, a protein kinase that confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Zhou et al. (1997) supra). Plants are also challenged by adverse environmental conditions like cold or drought, and EREBP-like proteins appear to be involved in the responses to these abiotic stresses as well. COR (for cold-regulated) gene expression is induced during cold acclimation, the process by which plants increase their resistance to freezing in response to low unfreezing temperatures. The Arabidopsis EREBP-like gene CBF1 (Stockinger et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1035-1040) is a regulator of the cold acclimation response, because ectopic expression of CBF1 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants induced COR gene expression in the absence of a cold stimulus, and the plant freezing tolerance was increased (Jaglo-Ottosen et al. (1998) Science 280: 104-106). Finally, another Arabidopsis EREBP-like gene, ABI4, is involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction, because abi4 mutants are insensitive to ABA (ABA is a plant hormone that regulates many agronomically important aspects of plant development; Finkelstein et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10: 1043-1054).

The SCR Family, Including the G922 Clade.

The SCARECROW gene, which regulates an asymmetric cell division essential for proper radial organization of root cell layers, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana by screening a genomic library with sequences flanking a T-DNA insertion causing a “scarecrow” mutation (Di Laurenzio et al. (1996) Cell 86, 423-433). The gene product was tentatively described as a transcription factor based on the presence of homopolymeric stretches of several amino acids, the presence of a basic domain similar to that of the basic-leucine zipper family of transcription factors, and the presence of leucine heptad repeats. The presence of several Arabidopsis ESTs with gene products homologous to the SCARECROW gene were noted. The ability of the SCARECROW gene to complement the scarecrow mutation was also demonstrated (Malamy et al. (1997) Plant J. 12, 957-963).

More recently, the SCARECROW homologue RGA, which encodes a negative regulator of the gibberellin signal transduction pathway, was isolated from Arabidopsis by genomic subtraction (Silverstone et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10, 155-169). The RGA gene was shown to be expressed in many different tissues and the RGA protein was shown to be localized to the nucleus. The same gene was isolated by Truong (Truong et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 410: 213-218) by identifying cDNA clones which complement a yeast nitrogen metabolism mutant, suggesting that RGA may be involved in regulating diverse metabolic processes. Another SCARECROW homologue designated GAI, which also is involved in gibberellin signaling processes, has been isolated by Peng (Peng et al. (1997) Genes Dev. 11, 3194-3205). Interestingly, GAI is the gene that initiated the Green Revolution. Peng et al. (Peng et al. (1999) Nature 6741, 256-261) have recently shown that maize GAM orthologs, when mutated, result in plants that are shorter, have increased seed yield, and are more resistant to damage by rain and wind than wild type plants. Based on the inclusion of the GAI, RGA and SCR genes in this family, it has also been referred to as the GRAS family (Pysh et al. (1999) Plant J 18, 111-19).

The scarecrow gene family has 32 members in the Arabidopsis genome.

The NAC Family, Including the G2053 Clade.

The NAC family is a group of transcription factors that share a highly conserved N-terminal domain of about 150 amino acids, designated the NAC domain (NAC stands for Petunia, NAM, and Arabidopsis, ATAF1, ATAF2 and CUC2). This is believed to be a novel domain that is present in both monocot and dicot plants but is absent from yeast and animal proteins. One hundred and twelve members of the NAC family have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome. The NAC class of proteins can be divided into at least two sub-families on the basis of amino acid sequence similarities within the NAC domain. One sub-family is built around the NAM and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon) proteins whilst the other sub-family contains factors with a NAC domain similar to those of ATAF1 and ATAF2.

Thus far, little is known about the function of different NAC family members. This is surprising given that there are 113 members in Arabidopsis. However, NAM, CUC1 and CUC2 are thought to have vital roles in the regulation of embryo and flower development. In Petunia, nam mutant embryos fail to develop a shoot apical meristem (SAM) and have fused cotyledons. These mutants sometimes generate escape shoots that produce defective flowers with extra petals and fused organs. In Arabidopsis, the cud and cuc2 mutations have somewhat similar effects, causing defects in SAM formation and the separation of cotyledons, sepals and stamens.

Although nam and cuc mutants exhibit comparable defects during embryogenesis, the penetrance of these phenotypes is much lower in cuc mutants. Functional redundancy of the CUC genes in Arabidopsis may explain this observation. In terms of the flower phenotype there are notable differences between nam and cuc mutants. Flowers of cuc mutants do not contain additional organs and the formation of sepals and stamens is most strongly affected. In nam mutants, by contrast, the flowers do carry additional organs and petal formation is more markedly affected than that of other floral organs. These apparent differences might be explained in two ways: the NAM and CUC proteins have been recruited into different roles in development of Arabidopsis and Petunia flowers. Alternatively, the proteins could share a common function between the two species, with the different mutant floral phenotypes arising from variations in the way other genes (that participate in the same developmental processes) are affected by defects in NAM or CUC.

A further gene from this family, NAP (NAC-like activated by AP3/PI) is also involved in flower development and is thought to influence the transition between cell division and cell expansion in stamens and petals. Overall, then, the NAC proteins mainly appear to regulate developmental processes.

Producing Polypeptides

The polynucleotides of the invention include sequences that encode transcription factors and transcription factor homolog polypeptides and sequences complementary thereto, as well as unique fragments of coding sequence, or sequence complementary thereto. Such polynucleotides can be, e.g., DNA or RNA, e.g., mRNA, cRNA, synthetic RNA, genomic DNA, cDNA synthetic DNA, oligonucleotides, etc. The polynucleotides are either double-stranded or single-stranded, and include either, or both sense (i.e., coding) sequences and antisense (i.e., non-coding, complementary) sequences. The polynucleotides include the coding sequence of a transcription factor, or transcription factor homolog polypeptide, in isolation, in combination with additional coding sequences (e.g., a purification tag, a localization signal, as a fusion-protein, as a pre-protein, or the like), in combination with non-coding sequences (e.g., introns or inteins, regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, terminators, and the like), and/or in a vector or host environment in which the polynucleotide encoding a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog polypeptide is an endogenous or exogenous gene.

A variety of methods exist for producing the polynucleotides of the invention. Procedures for identifying and isolating DNA clones are well known to those of skill in the art, and are described in, e.g., Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 152 Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (“Berger”); Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed.), Vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel et al. eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (supplemented through 2000) (“Ausubel”).

Alternatively, polynucleotides of the invention, can be produced by a variety of in vitro amplification methods adapted to the present invention by appropriate selection of specific or degenerate primers. Examples of protocols sufficient to direct persons of skill through in vitro amplification methods, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the ligase chain reaction (LCR), Qbeta-replicase amplification and other RNA polymerase mediated techniques (e.g., NASBA), e.g., for the production of the homologous nucleic acids of the invention are found in Berger (supra), Sambrook (supra), and Ausubel (supra), as well as Mullis et al. (1987) PCR Protocols A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al. eds) Academic Press Inc. San Diego, Calif. (1990) (Innis). Improved methods for cloning in vitro amplified nucleic acids are described in Wallace et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,039. Improved methods for amplifying large nucleic acids by PCR are summarized in Cheng et al. (1994) Nature 369: 684-685 and the references cited therein, in which PCR amplicons of up to 40 kb are generated. One of skill will appreciate that essentially any RNA can be converted into a double stranded DNA suitable for restriction digestion, PCR expansion and sequencing using reverse transcriptase and a polymerase. See, e.g., Ausubel, Sambrook and Berger, all supra.

Alternatively, polynucleotides and oligonucleotides of the invention can be assembled from fragments produced by solid-phase synthesis methods. Typically, fragments of up to approximately 100 bases are individually synthesized and then enzymatically or chemically ligated to produce a desired sequence, e.g., a polynucleotide encoding all or part of a transcription factor. For example, chemical synthesis using the phosphoramidite method is described, e.g., by Beaucage et al. (1981) Tetrahedron Letters 22: 1859-1869; and Matthes et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3: 801-805. According to such methods, oligonucleotides are synthesized, purified, annealed to their complementary strand, ligated and then optionally cloned into suitable vectors. And if so desired, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention can be custom ordered from any of a number of commercial suppliers.

Homologous Sequences

Sequences homologous, i.e., that share significant sequence identity or similarity, to those provided in the Sequence Listing, derived from Arabidopsis thaliana or from other plants of choice, are also an aspect of the invention. Homologous sequences can be derived from any plant including monocots and dicots and in particular agriculturally important plant species, including but not limited to, crops such as soybean, wheat, corn (maize), potato, cotton, rice, rape, oilseed rape (including canola), sunflower, alfalfa, clover, sugarcane, and turf; or fruits and vegetables, such as banana, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, and raspberry, cantaloupe, carrot, cauliflower, coffee, cucumber, eggplant, grapes, honeydew, lettuce, mango, melon, onion, papaya, peas, peppers, pineapple, pumpkin, spinach, squash, sweet corn, tobacco, tomato, tomatillo, watermelon, rosaceous fruits (such as apple, peach, pear, cherry and plum) and vegetable brassicas (such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kohlrabi). Other crops, including fruits and vegetables, whose phenotype can be changed and which comprise homologous sequences include barley; rye; millet; sorghum; currant; avocado; citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, grapefruit and tangerines, artichoke, cherries; nuts such as the walnut and peanut; endive; leek; roots such as arrowroot, beet, cassaya, turnip, radish, yam, and sweet potato; and beans. The homologous sequences may also be derived from woody species, such pine, poplar and eucalyptus, or mint or other labiates. In addition, homologous sequences may be derived from plants that are evolutionarily-related to crop plants, but which may not have yet been used as crop plants. Examples include deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona), related to tomato; jimson weed (Datura strommium), related to peyote; and teosinte (Zea species), related to corn (maize).

Orthologs and Paralogs

Homologous sequences as described above can comprise orthologous or paralogous sequences. Several different methods are known by those of skill in the art for identifying and defining these functionally homologous sequences. Three general methods for defining orthologs and paralogs are described; an ortholog or paralog, including equivalogs, may be identified by one or more of the methods described below.

Orthologs and paralogs are evolutionarily related genes that have similar sequence and similar functions. Orthologs are structurally related genes in different species that are derived by a speciation event. Paralogs are structurally related genes within a single species that are derived by a duplication event.

Within a single plant species, gene duplication may cause two copies of a particular gene, giving rise to two or more genes with similar sequence and often similar function known as paralogs. A paralog is therefore a similar gene formed by duplication within the same species. Paralogs typically cluster together or in the same lade (a group of similar genes) when a gene family phylogeny is analyzed using programs such as CLUSTAL (Thompson et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680; Higgins et al. (1996) Methods Enzymol. 266: 383-402). Groups of similar genes can also be identified with pair-wise BLAST analysis (Feng and Doolittle (1987) J. Mol. Evol. 25: 351-360). For example, a clade of very similar MADS domain transcription factors from Arabidopsis all share a common function in flowering time (Ratcliffe et al. (2001) Plant Physiol. 126: 122-132), and a group of very similar AP2 domain transcription factors from Arabidopsis are involved in tolerance of plants to freezing (Gilmour et al. (1998) Plant J. 16: 433-442). Analysis of groups of similar genes with similar function that fall within one clade can yield sub-sequences that are particular to the lade. These sub-sequences, known as consensus sequences, can not only be used to define the sequences within each lade, but define the functions of these genes; genes within a lade may contain paralogous sequences, or orthologous sequences that share the same function (see also, for example, Mount (2001), in Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., page 543.)

Speciation, the production of new species from a parental species, can also give rise to two or more genes with similar sequence and similar function. These genes, termed orthologs, often have an identical function within their host plants and are often interchangeable between species without losing function. Because plants have common ancestors, many genes in any plant species will have a corresponding orthologous gene in another plant species. Once a phylogenic tree for a gene family of one species has been constructed using a program such as CLUSTAL (Thompson et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680; Higgins et al. (1996) supra) potential orthologous sequences can be placed into the phylogenetic tree and their relationship to genes from the species of interest can be determined. Orthologous sequences can also be identified by a reciprocal BLAST strategy. Once an orthologous sequence has been identified, the function of the ortholog can be deduced from the identified function of the reference sequence.

Transcription factor gene sequences are conserved across diverse eukaryotic species lines (Goodrich et al. (1993) Cell 75: 519-530; Lin et al. (1991) Nature 353: 569-571; Sadowsli et al. (1988) Nature 335: 563-564). et al. Plants are no exception to this observation; diverse plant species possess transcription factors that have similar sequences and functions.

Orthologous genes from different organisms have highly conserved functions, and very often essentially identical functions (Lee et al. (2002) Genome Res. 12: 493-502; Remm et al. (2001) J. Mol. Biol. 314: 1041-1052). Paralogous genes, which have diverged through gene duplication, may retain similar functions of the encoded proteins. In such cases, paralogs can be used interchangeably with respect to certain embodiments of the instant invention (for example, transgenic expression of a coding sequence). An example of such highly related paralogs is the CBF family, with three well-defined members in Arabidopsis and at least one ortholog in Brassica napus (SEQ ID NOs: 1956, 1958, 1960, or 2204, respectively), all of which control pathways involved in both freezing and drought stress (Gilmour et al. (1998) Plant J. 16: 433-442; Jaglo et al. (1998) Plant Physiol. 127: 910-917).

The following references represent a small sampling of the many studies that demonstrate that conserved transcription factor genes from diverse species are likely to function similarly (i.e., regulate similar target sequences and control the same traits), and that transcription factors may be transformed into diverse species to confer or improve traits.

(1) The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene regulates systemic acquired resistance (SAR); over-expression of NPR1 leads to enhanced resistance in Arabidopsis. When either Arabidopsis NPR1 or the rice NPR1 ortholog was overexpressed in rice (which, as a monocot, is diverse from Arabidopsis), challenge with the rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, the transgenic plants displayed enhanced resistance (Chern et al. (2001) Plant J. 27: 101-113). NPR1 acts through activation of expression of transcription factor genes, such as TGA2 (Fan and Dong (2002) Plant Cell 14: 1377-1389).

(2) E2F genes are involved in transcription of plant genes for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Plant E2Fs share a high degree of similarity in amino acid sequence between monocots and dicots, and are even similar to the conserved domains of the animal E2Fs. Such conservation indicates a functional similarity between plant and animal E2Fs. E2F transcription factors that regulate meristem development act through common cis-elements, and regulate related (PCNA) genes (Kosugi and Ohashi, (2002) Plant J. 29: 45-59).

(3) The ABI5 gene (abscisic acid (ABA) insensitive 5) encodes a basic leucine zipper factor required for ABA response in the seed and vegetative tissues. Co-transformation experiments with ABI5 cDNA constructs in rice protoplasts resulted in specific transactivation of the ABA-inducible wheat, Arabidopsis, bean, and barley promoters. These results demonstrate that sequentially similar ABI5 transcription factors are key targets of a conserved ABA signaling pathway in diverse plants. (Gampala et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 277: 1689-1694).

(4) Sequences of three Arabidopsis GAMYB-like genes were obtained on the basis of sequence similarity to GAMYB genes from barley, rice, and L. temulentum. These three Arabadopsis genes were determined to encode transcription factors (AtMYB33, AtMYB65, and AtMYB101) and could substitute for a barley GAMYB and control alpha-amylase expression (Gocal et al. (2001) Plant Physiol. 127: 1682-1693).

(5) The floral control gene LEAFY from Arabidopsis can dramatically accelerate flowering in numerous dictoyledonous plants. Constitutive expression of Arabidopsis LEAFY also caused early flowering in transgenic rice (a monocot), with a heading date that was 26-34 days earlier than that of wild-type plants. These observations indicate that floral regulatory genes from Arabidopsis are useful tools for heading date improvement in cereal crops (He et al. (2000) Transgenic Res. 9: 223-227).

(6) Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are essential endogenous regulators of plant growth. GA signaling tends to be conserved across the plant kingdom. GA signaling is mediated via GAI, a nuclear member of the GRAS family of plant transcription factors. Arabidopsis GAI has been shown to function in rice to inhibit gibberellin response pathways (Fu et al. (2001) Plant Cell 13: 1791-1802).

(7) The Arabidopsis gene SUPERMAN (SUP), encodes a putative transcription factor that maintains the boundary between stamens and carpels. By over-expressing Arabidopsis SUP in rice, the effect of the gene's presence on whorl boundaries was shown to be conserved. This demonstrated that SUP is a conserved regulator of floral whorl boundaries and affects cell proliferation (Nandi et al. (2000) Curr. Biol. 10: 215-218).

(8) Maize, petunia and Arabidopsis myb transcription factors that regulate flavonoid biosynthesis are very genetically similar and affect the same trait in their native species, therefore sequence and function of these myb transcription factors correlate with each other in these diverse species (Borevitz et al. (2000) Plant Cell 12: 2383-2394).

(9) Wheat reduced height-1 (Rht-B1/Rht-D1) and maize dwarf-8 (d8) genes are orthologs of the Arabidopsis gibberellin insensitive (GAI) gene. Both of these genes have been used to produce dwarf grain varieties that have improved grain yield. These genes encode proteins that resemble nuclear transcription factors and contain an SH2-like domain, indicating that phosphotyrosine may participate in gibberellin signaling. Transgenic rice plants containing a mutant GAI allele from Arabidopsis have been shown to produce reduced responses to gibberellin and are dwarfed, indicating that mutant GAI orthologs could be used to increase yield in a wide range of crop species (Peng et al. (1999) Nature 400: 256-261).

Transcription factors that are homologous to the listed sequences will typically share, in at least one conserved domain, at least about 70% amino acid sequence identity, and with regard to zinc finger transcription factors, at least about 50% amino acid sequence identity. More closely related transcription factors can share at least about 70%, or about 75% or about 80% or about 90% or about 95% or about 98% or more sequence identity with the listed sequences, or with the listed sequences but excluding or outside a known consensus sequence or consensus DNA-binding site, or with the listed sequences excluding one or all conserved domain. Factors that are most closely related to the listed sequences share, e.g., at least about 85%, about 90% or about 95% or more % sequence identity to the listed sequences, or to the listed sequences but excluding or outside a known consensus sequence or consensus DNA-binding site or outside one or all conserved domain. At the nucleotide level, the sequences will typically share at least about 40% nucleotide sequence identity, preferably at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70% or about 80% sequence identity, and more preferably about 85%, about 90%, about 95% or about 97% or more sequence identity to one or more of the listed sequences, or to a listed sequence but excluding or outside a known consensus sequence or consensus DNA-binding site, or outside one or all conserved domain. The degeneracy of the genetic code enables major variations in the nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide while maintaining the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. Conserved domains within a transcription factor family may exhibit a higher degree of sequence homology, such as at least 65% amino acid sequence identity including conservative substitutions, and preferably at least 80% sequence identity, and more preferably at least 85%, or at least about 86%, or at least about 87%, or at least about 88%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 98% sequence identity. Transcription factors that are homologous to the listed sequences should share at least 30%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity over the entire length of the polypeptide or the homolog.

Percent identity can be determined electronically, e.g., by using the MEGALIGN program (DNASTAR, Inc. Madison, Wis.). The MEGALIGN program can create alignments between two or more sequences according to different methods, for example, the clustal method. (See, for example, Higgins and Sharp (1988) Gene 73: 237-244.) The clustal algorithm groups sequences into clusters by examining the distances between all pairs. The clusters are aligned pairwise and then in groups. Other alignment algorithms or programs may be used, including FASTA, BLAST, or ENTREZ, FASTA and BLAST, and which may be used to calculate percent similarity. These are available as a part of the GCG sequence analysis package (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), and can be used with or without default settings. ENTREZ is available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. In one embodiment, the percent identity of two sequences can be determined by the GCG program with a gap weight of 1, e.g., each amino acid gap is weighted as if it were a single amino acid or nucleotide mismatch between the two sequences (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,333).

Other techniques for alignment are described in Doolittle, R. F. (1996) Methods in Enzymology: Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis, vol. 266, Academic Press, Orlando, Fla., USA. Preferably, an alignment program that permits gaps in the sequence is utilized to align the sequences. The Smith-Waterman is one type of algorithm that permits gaps in sequence alignments (see Shpaer (1997) Methods Mol. Biol. 70: 173-187). Also, the GAP program using the Needleman and Wunsch alignment method can be utilized to align sequences. An alternative search strategy uses MPSRCH software, which runs on a MASPAR computer. MPSRCH uses a Smith-Waterman algorithm to score sequences on a massively parallel computer. This approach improves ability to pick up distantly related matches, and is especially tolerant of small gaps and nucleotide sequence errors. Nucleic acid-encoded amino acid sequences can be used to search both protein and DNA databases.

The percentage similarity between two polypeptide sequences, e.g., sequence A and sequence B, is calculated by dividing the length of sequence A, minus the number of gap residues in sequence A, minus the number of gap residues in sequence B, into the sum of the residue matches between sequence A and sequence B, times one hundred. Gaps of low or of no similarity between the two amino acid sequences are not included in determining percentage similarity. Percent identity between polynucleotide sequences can also be counted or calculated by other methods known in the art, e.g., the Jotun Hein method. (See, e.g., Hein (1990) Methods Enzymol. 183: 626-645.) Identity between sequences can also be determined by other methods known in the art, e.g., by varying hybridization conditions (see US Patent Application No. 20010010913).

The percent identity between two conserved domains of a transcription factor DNA-binding domain consensus polypeptide sequence can be as low as 16%, as exemplified in the case of GATA1 family of eukaryotic Cys₂/Cys₂-type zinc finger transcription factors. The DNA-binding domain consensus polypeptide sequence of the GATA1 family is CX₂CX₁CX₂C, where X is any amino acid residue. (See, for example, Takatsuji, supra.) Other examples of such conserved consensus polypeptide sequences with low overall percent sequence identity are well known to those of skill in the art.

Thus, the invention provides methods for identifying a sequence similar or paralogous or orthologous or homologous to one or more polynucleotides as noted herein, or one or more target polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides, or otherwise noted herein and may include linking or associating a given plant phenotype or gene function with a sequence. In the methods, a sequence database is provided (locally or across an internet or intranet) and a query is made against the sequence database using the relevant sequences herein and associated plant phenotypes or gene functions.

In addition, one or more polynucleotide sequences or one or more polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide sequences may be used to search against a BLOCKS (Bairoch et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 217-221), PFAM, and other databases which contain previously identified and annotated motifs, sequences and gene functions. Methods that search for primary sequence patterns with secondary structure, gap penalties (Smith et al. (1992) Protein Engineering 5: 35-51) as well as algorithms such as Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; Altschul (1993) J. Mol. Evol. 36: 290-300; Altschul et al. (1990) supra), BLOCKS (Henikoff and Henikoff (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 6565-6572), Hidden Markov Models (HMM; Eddy (1996) Curr. Opin. Str. Biol. 6: 361-365; Sonnhammer et al. (1997) Proteins 28: 405-420), and the like, can be used to manipulate and analyze polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences encoded by polynucleotides. These databases, algorithms and other methods are well known in the art and are described in Ausubel et al. (1997; Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., unit 7.7) and in Meyers (1995; Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wiley VCH, New York, N.Y., p 856-853).

Furthermore, methods using manual alignment of sequences similar or homologous to one or more polynucleotide sequences or one or more polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide sequences may be used to identify regions of similarity and conserved domains. Such manual methods are well-known of those of skill in the art and can include, for example, comparisons of tertiary structure between a polypeptide sequence encoded by a polynucleotide which comprises a known function with a polypeptide sequence encoded by a polynucleotide sequence which has a function not yet determined. Such examples of tertiary structure may comprise predicted alpha helices, beta-sheets, amphipathic helices, leucine zipper motifs, zinc finger motifs, proline-rich regions, cysteine repeat motifs, and the like.

Orthologs and paralogs of presently disclosed transcription factors may be cloned using compositions provided by the present invention according to methods well known in the art. cDNAs can be cloned using mRNA from a plant cell or tissue that expresses one of the present transcription factors. Appropriate mRNA sources may be identified by interrogating Northern blots with probes designed from the present transcription factor sequences, after which a library is prepared from the mRNA obtained from a positive cell or tissue. Transcription factor-encoding cDNA is then isolated using, for example, PCR, using primers designed from a presently disclosed transcription factor gene sequence, or by probing with a partial or complete cDNA or with one or more sets of degenerate probes based on the disclosed sequences. The cDNA library may be used to transform plant cells. Expression of the cDNAs of interest is detected using, for example, methods disclosed herein such as microarrays, Northern blots, quantitative PCR, or any other technique for monitoring changes in expression. Genomic clones may be isolated using similar techniques to those.

In addition to the Sequences listed in the Sequence Listing, the invention encompasses isolated nucleotide sequences that are sequentially and structurally similar to G481, G482, G485, and G682, SEQ ID NO: 87, 89, 2009, and 147, respectively, and function in a plant in a manner similar to G481, G482, G485 and G867 by regulating abiotic stress tolerance.

The nucleotide sequences of the G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family, including G481, share at least 81% identity in their B domains with the B domain of G481 (Table 1). Sequences outside of this subclade, including L1L (NP_(—)199578) and LEC1 (AAC39488) share significantly less identity with G481 (Table 1), are phylogenetically distinct from the members of this subclade (FIGS. 6 and 7), and appear to function in embryonic development rather than in abiotic stress tolerance, as noted above.

Since the members of this subclade are phylogenetically related, sequentially similar and a representative number from diverse plant species have been shown to regulate abiotic stress tolerance, one skilled in the art would predict that other similar, phylogenetically related sequences would also regulate abiotic stress tolerance.

Similar to the G481 subclade, G682 and similar sequences in the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors are phylogenetically related, sequentially similar and a representative number from diverse plant species have been shown to regulate abiotic stress tolerance. This would prompt one skilled in the art to draw similar conclusions regarding the regulation of these sequences of abiotic stress tolerance. A representative number of the members of this clade, including sequences derived from diverse non-Arabidopsis species, have been shown to confer abiotic stress tolerance when overexpressed. These sequences have been shown to share 60% identity in their MYB-related domains (Table 3).

Identifying Polynucleotides or Nucleic Acids by Hybridization

Polynucleotides homologous to the sequences illustrated in the Sequence Listing and tables can be identified, e.g., by hybridization to each other under stringent or under highly stringent conditions. Single stranded polynucleotides hybridize when they associate based on a variety of well characterized physical-chemical forces, such as hydrogen bonding, solvent exclusion, base stacking and the like. The stringency of a hybridization reflects the degree of sequence identity of the nucleic acids involved, such that the higher the stringency, the more similar are the two polynucleotide strands. Stringency is influenced by a variety of factors, including temperature, salt concentration and composition, organic and non-organic additives, solvents, etc. present in both the hybridization and wash solutions and incubations (and number thereof), as described in more detail in the references cited above.

Encompassed by the invention are polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the claimed polynucleotide sequences, including any of the transcription factor polynucleotides within the Sequence Listing, and fragments thereof under various conditions of stringency (See, for example, Wahl and Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152: 399-407; and Kimmel (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152: 507-511). In addition to the nucleotide sequences listed in Tables 7 and 8, full length cDNA, orthologs, and paralogs of the present nucleotide sequences may be identified and isolated using well-known methods. The cDNA libraries orthologs, and paralogs of the present nucleotide sequences may be screened using hybridization methods to determine their utility as hybridization target or amplification probes.

With regard to hybridization, conditions that are highly stringent, and means for achieving them, are well known in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” (2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Berger and Kimmel, eds., (1987) “Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques”, In Methods in Enzymology: 152: 467-469; and Anderson and Young (1985) “Quantitative Filter Hybridisation.” In: Hames and Higgins, ed., Nucleic Acid Hybridisation, A Practical Approach. Oxford, IRL Press, 73-111.

Stability of DNA duplexes is affected by such factors as base composition, length, and degree of base pair mismatch. Hybridization conditions may be adjusted to allow DNAs of different sequence relatedness to hybridize. The melting temperature (T_(m)) is defined as the temperature when 50% of the duplex molecules have dissociated into their constituent single strands. The melting temperature of a perfectly matched duplex, where the hybridization buffer contains formamide as a denaturing agent, may be estimated by the following equation: DNA-DNA: T_(m)(° C.)=81.5+16.6(log [Na+])+0.41(% G+C)−0.62(% formamide)−500/L  (1) DNA-RNA: T_(m)(° C.)=79.8+18.5(log [Na+])+0.58(% G+C)+0.12(% G+C)²−0.5(% formamide)−820/L  (2) RNA-RNA: T_(m)(° C.)=79.8+18.5(log [Na+])+0.58(% G+C)+0.12(% G+C)²−0.35(% formamide)−820/L  (3)

where L is the length of the duplex formed, [Na+] is the molar concentration of the sodium ion in the hybridization or washing solution, and % G+C is the percentage of (guanine+cytosine) bases in the hybrid. For imperfectly matched hybrids, approximately 1° C. is required to reduce the melting temperature for each 1-% mismatch.

Hybridization experiments are generally conducted in a buffer of pH between 6.8 to 7.4, although the rate of hybridization is nearly independent of pH at ionic strengths likely to be used in the hybridization buffer (Anderson et al. (1985) supra). In addition, one or more of the following may be used to reduce non-specific hybridization: sonicated salmon sperm DNA or another non-complementary DNA, bovine serum albumin, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, ficoll and Denhardt's solution. Dextran sulfate and polyethylene glycol 6000 act to exclude DNA from solution, thus raising the effective probe DNA concentration and the hybridization signal within a given unit of time. In some instances, conditions of even greater stringency may be desirable or required to reduce non-specific and/or background hybridization. These conditions may be created with the use of higher temperature, lower ionic strength and higher concentration of a denaturing agent such as formamide.

Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, or to highly similar fragments such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. The stringency can be adjusted either during the hybridization step or in the post-hybridization washes. Salt concentration, formamide concentration, hybridization temperature and probe lengths are variables that can be used to alter stringency (as described by the formula above). As a general guidelines high stringency is typically performed at T_(m)−5oC to T_(m)−20oC, moderate stringency at T_(m)−20oC to T_(m)−35oC and low stringency at T_(m)−35oC to T_(m)−50oC for duplex >150 base pairs. Hybridization may be performed at low to moderate stringency (25-50oC below T_(m)), followed by post-hybridization washes at increasing stringencies. Maximum rates of hybridization in solution are determined empirically to occur at T_(m)−25oC for DNA-DNA duplex and T_(m)−15oC for RNA-DNA duplex. Optionally, the degree of dissociation may be assessed after each wash step to determine the need for subsequent, higher stringency wash steps.

High stringency conditions may be used to select for nucleic acid sequences with high degrees of identity to the disclosed sequences. An example of stringent hybridization conditions obtained in a filter-based method such as a Southern or northern blot for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids that have more than 100 complementary residues is about 5° C. to 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Conditions used for hybridization may include about 0.02 M to about 0.15 M sodium chloride, about 0.5% to about 5% casein, about 0.02% SDS or about 0.1% N-laurylsarcosine, about 0.001 M to about 0.03 M sodium citrate, at hybridization temperatures between about 50° C. and about 70° C. More preferably, high stringency conditions are about 0.02 M sodium chloride, about 0.5% casein, about 0.02% SDS, about 0.001 M sodium citrate, at a temperature of about 50° C. Nucleic acid molecules that hybridize under stringent conditions will typically hybridize to a probe based on either the entire DNA molecule or selected portions, e.g., to a unique subsequence, of the DNA.

Stringent salt concentration will ordinarily be less than about 750 mM NaCl and 75 mM trisodium citrate. Increasingly stringent conditions may be obtained with less than about 500 mM NaCl and 50 mM trisodium citrate, to even greater stringency with less than about 250 mM NaCl and 25 mM trisodium citrate. Low stringency hybridization can be obtained in the absence of organic solvent, e.g., formamide, whereas high stringency hybridization may be obtained in the presence of at least about 35% formamide, and more preferably at least about 50% formamide. Stringent temperature conditions will ordinarily include temperatures of at least about 30° C., more preferably of at least about 37° C., and most preferably of at least about 42° C. with formamide present. Varying additional parameters, such as hybridization time, the concentration of detergent, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ionic strength, are well known to those skilled in the art. Various levels of stringency are accomplished by combining these various conditions as needed. In a preferred embodiment, hybridization will occur at 30° C. in 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM trisodium citrate, and 1% SDS. In a more preferred embodiment, hybridization will occur at 37° C. in 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM trisodium citrate, 1% SDS, 35% formamide. In a most preferred embodiment, hybridization will occur at 42° C. in 250 mM NaCl, 25 mM trisodium citrate, 1% SDS, 50% formamide. Useful variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

The washing steps that follow hybridization may also vary in stringency; the post-hybridization wash steps primarily determine hybridization specificity, with the most critical factors being temperature and the ionic strength of the final wash solution. Wash stringency can be increased by decreasing salt concentration or by increasing temperature. Stringent salt concentration for the wash steps will preferably be less than about 30 mM NaCl and 3 mM trisodium citrate, and most preferably less than about 15 mM NaCl and 1.5 mM trisodium citrate. For example, the wash conditions may be under conditions of 0.1×SSC to 2.0×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 50-65° C., with, for example, two steps of 10-30 min. One example of stringent wash conditions includes about 2.0×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice, each wash step being about 30 min. A higher stringency wash is about 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice for 30 min. A still higher stringency wash is about 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. and washing twice for 30 min. The temperature for the wash solutions will ordinarily be at least about 25° C., and for greater stringency at least about 42° C. Hybridization stringency may be increased further by using the same conditions as in the hybridization steps, with the wash temperature raised about 3° C. to about 5° C., and stringency may be increased even further by using the same conditions except the wash temperature is raised about 6° C. to about 9° C. For identification of less closely related homolog, wash steps may be performed at a lower temperature, e.g., 50° C.

An example of a low stringency wash step employs a solution and conditions of at least 25° C. in 30 mM NaCl, 3 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS over 30 min. Greater stringency may be obtained at 42° C. in 15 mM NaCl, with 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS over 30 min. Even higher stringency wash conditions are obtained at 65° C.-68° C. in a solution of 15 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS. Wash procedures will generally employ at least two final wash steps. Additional variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art (see, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 20010010913).

Stringency conditions can be selected such that an oligonucleotide that is perfectly complementary to the coding oligonucleotide hybridizes to the coding oligonucleotide with at least about a 5-10× higher signal to noise ratio than the ratio for hybridization of the perfectly complementary oligonucleotide to a nucleic acid encoding a transcription factor known as of the filing date of the application. It may be desirable to select conditions for a particular assay such that a higher signal to noise ratio, that is, about 15× or more, is obtained. Accordingly, a subject nucleic acid will hybridize to a unique coding oligonucleotide with at least a 2× or greater signal to noise ratio as compared to hybridization of the coding oligonucleotide to a nucleic acid encoding known polypeptide. The particular signal will depend on the label used in the relevant assay, e.g., a fluorescent label, a calorimetric label, a radioactive label, or the like. Labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting related polynucleotide sequences may be produced by oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.

Identifying Polynucleotides or Nucleic Acids with Expression Libraries

In addition to hybridization methods, transcription factor homolog polypeptides can be obtained by screening an expression library using antibodies specific for one or more transcription factors. With the provision herein of the disclosed transcription factor, and transcription factor homolog nucleic acid sequences, the encoded polypeptide(s) can be expressed and purified in a heterologous expression system (e.g., E. coli) and used to raise antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal) specific for the polypeptide(s) in question. Antibodies can also be raised against synthetic peptides derived from transcription factor, or transcription factor homolog, amino acid sequences. Methods of raising antibodies are well known in the art and are described in Harlow and Lane (1988), Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. Such antibodies can then be used to screen an expression library produced from the plant from which it is desired to clone additional transcription factor homologs, using the methods described above. The selected cDNAs can be confirmed by sequencing and enzymatic activity.

Sequence Variations

It will readily be appreciated by those of skill in the art, that any of a variety of polynucleotide sequences are capable of encoding the transcription factors and transcription factor homolog polypeptides of the invention. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, many different polynucleotides can encode identical and/or substantially similar polypeptides in addition to those sequences illustrated in the Sequence Listing. Nucleic acids having a sequence that differs from the sequences shown in the Sequence Listing, or complementary sequences, that encode functionally equivalent peptides (i.e., peptides having some degree of equivalent or similar biological activity) but differ in sequence from the sequence shown in the Sequence Listing due to degeneracy in the genetic code, are also within the scope of the invention.

Altered polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides include those sequences with deletions, insertions, or substitutions of different nucleotides, resulting in a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide with at least one functional characteristic of the instant polypeptides. Included within this definition are polymorphisms which may or may not be readily detectable using a particular oligonucleotide probe of the polynucleotide encoding the instant polypeptides, and improper or unexpected hybridization to allelic variants, with a locus other than the normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide sequence encoding the instant polypeptides.

Allelic variant refers to any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (i.e., no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence. The term allelic variant is also used herein to denote a protein encoded by an allelic variant of a gene. Splice variant refers to alternative forms of RNA transcribed from a gene. Splice variation arises naturally through use of alternative splicing sites within a transcribed RNA molecule, or less commonly between separately transcribed RNA molecules, and may result in several mRNAs transcribed from the same gene. Splice variants may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence. The term splice variant is also used herein to denote a protein encoded by a splice variant of an mRNA transcribed from a gene.

Those skilled in the art would recognize that, for example, G481, SEQ ID NO: 88, represents a single transcription factor, allelic variation and alternative splicing may be expected to occur. Allelic variants of SEQ ID NO: 87 can be cloned by probing cDNA or genomic libraries from different individual organisms according to standard procedures. Allelic variants of the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 87, including those containing silent mutations and those in which mutations result in amino acid sequence changes, are within the scope of the present invention, as are proteins which are allelic variants of SEQ ID NO: 88. cDNAs generated from alternatively spliced mRNAs, which retain the properties of the transcription factor are included within the scope of the present invention, as are polypeptides encoded by such cDNAs and mRNAs. Allelic variants and splice variants of these sequences can be cloned by probing cDNA or genomic libraries from different individual organisms or tissues according to standard procedures known in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,064).

Thus, in addition to the sequences set forth in the Sequence Listing, the invention also encompasses related nucleic acid molecules that include allelic or splice variants of SEQ ID NO: 2N−1, wherein N=1-229, SEQ ID NO: 459466; 468-487; 491-500; 504; 506-511; 516-520; 523-524; 527; 529; 531-533; 538-539; 541-557; 560-568; 570-586; 595-596; 598-606; 610-620; 627-634; 640-664; 670-707; 714-719; 722-735; 740-741; 743-779; 808-823; 825-834; 838-850; 855-864; 868-889; 892-902; 908-909; 914-921; 924-925; 927-932; 935-942; 944-952; 961-965; 968-986; 989-993; 995-1010; 1012-1034; 1043-1063; 1074-1080; 1091-1104; 1111-1121; 1123-1128; 1134-1138; 1142-1156; 1159-1175; 1187-1190; 1192-1199; 1202-1220; 1249-1253; 1258-1262; 1264-1269; 1271-1287; 1292-1301; 1303-1309; 1315-1323; 1328-1337; 1340-1341; 1344-1361; 1365-1377; 1379-1390; 1393-1394; 1396-1398; 1419-1432; 1434-1452; 1455-1456; 1460-1465; 1468-1491; 1499; 1502; 1505-1521; 1523-1527; 1529-1532; 1536-1539; 1542-1562; 1567-1571; 1573-1582; 1587-1592; 1595-1620; 1625-1644; 1647-1654; 1659-1669; 1671-1673; 1675-1680; 1682-1686; 1688-1700; 1706-1709; 1714-1726; 1728-1734; 1738-1742; 1744-1753; 1757-1760; 1763-1764; 1766-1768; 1770-1780; 1782-1784; 1786-1789; 1791-1804; 1806-1812; 1814-1837; 1847-1856; 1858-1862; 1864-1873; 1876-1882; 1885-1896; 1902-1910; 1913-1916; 1921-1928; 1931-1936; 1940-1941; 1944-1946, 2907-2941, 2944, 2945, 2947, 2949, or SEQ ID NO: 2N−1, wherein N=974-1101, and include sequences which are complementary to any of the above nucleotide sequences. Related nucleic acid molecules also include nucleotide sequences encoding a polypeptide comprising or consisting essentially of a substitution, modification, addition and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residues compared to the polypeptide as set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 2N, wherein N=1-229, SEQ ID NO: 467; 488-490; 501-503; 505; 512-515; 521-522; 525-526; 528; 530; 534-537; 540; 558-559; 569; 587-594; 597; 607-609; 621-626; 635-639; 665-669; 708-713; 720-721; 736-739; 742; 780-807; 824; 835-837; 851-854; 865-867; 890-891; 903-907; 910-913; 922-923; 926; 933-934; 943; 953-960; 966-967; 987-988; 994; 1011; 1035-1042; 1064-1073; 1081-1090; 1105-1110; 1122; 1129-1133; 1139-1141; 1157-1158; 1176-1186; 1191; 1200-1201; 1221-1248; 1254-1257; 1263; 1270; 1288-1291; 1302; 1310-1314; 1324-1327; 1338-1339; 1342-1343; 1362-1364; 1378; 1391-1392; 1395; 1399-1418; 1433; 1453-1454; 1457-1459; 1466-1467; 1492-1498; 1500-1501; 1503-1504; 1522; 1528; 1533-1535; 1540-1541; 1563-1566; 1572; 1583-1586; 1593-1594; 1621-1624; 1645-1646; 1655-1658; 1670; 1674; 1681; 1687; 1701-1705; 1710-1713; 1727; 1735-1737; 1743; 1754-1756; 1761-1762; 1765; 1769; 1781; 1785; 1790; 1805; 1813; 1838-1846; 1857; 1863; 1874-1875; 1883-1884; 1897-1901; 1911-1912; 1917-1920; 1929-1930; 1937-1939; 1942-1943; 2942 or 2943, 2945, 2947, 2949, or SEQ ID NO: 2N, wherein N=974-1101. Such related polypeptides may comprise, for example, additions and/or deletions of one or more N-linked or O-linked glycosylation sites, or an addition and/or a deletion of one or more cysteine residues.

For example, Table 4 illustrates, e.g., that the codons AGC, AGT, TCA, TCC, TCG, and TCT all encode the same amino acid: serine. Accordingly, at each position in the sequence where there is a codon encoding serine, any of the above trinucleotide sequences can be used without altering the encoded polypeptide. TABLE 4 Amino acid Possible Codons Alanine Ala A GCA GCC GCG GCU Cysteine Cys C TGC TGT Aspartic acid Asp D GAC GAT Glutamic acid Glu E GAA GAG Phenylalanine Phe F TTC TTT Glycine Gly G GGA GGC GGG GGT Histidine His H CAC CAT Isoleucine Ile I ATA ATC ATT Lysine Lys K AAA AAG Leucine Leu L TTA TTG CTA CTC CTG CTT Methionine Met M ATG Asparagine Asn N AAC AAT Proline Pro P CCA CCC CCG CCT Glutamine Gln Q CAA CAG Arginine Arg R AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGT Serine Ser S AGC AGT TCA TCC TCG TCT Threonine Thr T ACA ACC ACG ACT Valine Val V GTA GTC GTG GTT Tryptophan Trp W TGG Tyrosine Tyr Y TAC TAT

Sequence alterations that do not change the amino acid sequence encoded by the polynucleotide are termed “silent” variations. With the exception of the codons ATG and TGG, encoding methionine and tryptophan, respectively, any of the possible codons for the same amino acid can be substituted by a variety of techniques, e.g., site-directed mutagenesis, available in the art. Accordingly, any and all such variations of a sequence selected from the above table are a feature of the invention.

In addition to silent variations, other conservative variations that alter one, or a few amino acids in the encoded polypeptide, can be made without altering the function of the polypeptide, these conservative variants are, likewise, a feature of the invention.

For example, substitutions, deletions and insertions introduced into the sequences provided in the Sequence Listing, are also envisioned by the invention. Such sequence modifications can be engineered into a sequence by site-directed mutagenesis (Wu (ed.) Methods Enzymol. (1993) vol. 217, Academic Press) or the other methods noted below. Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues; insertions usually will be on the order of about from 1 to 10 amino acid residues; and deletions will range about from 1 to 30 residues. In preferred embodiments, deletions or insertions are made in adjacent pairs, e.g., a deletion of two residues or insertion of two residues. Substitutions, deletions, insertions or any combination thereof can be combined to arrive at a sequence. The mutations that are made in the polynucleotide encoding the transcription factor should not place the sequence out of reading frame and should not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. Preferably, the polypeptide encoded by the DNA performs the desired function.

Conservative substitutions are those in which at least one residue in the amino acid sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Such substitutions generally are made in accordance with the Table 5 when it is desired to maintain the activity of the protein. Table 5 shows amino acids which can be substituted for an amino acid in a protein and which are typically regarded as conservative substitutions. TABLE 5 Conservative Residue Substitutions Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn Gln; His Asp Glu Gln Asn Cys Ser Glu Asp Gly Pro His Asn; Gln Ile Leu, Val Leu Ile; Val Lys Arg; Gln Met Leu; Ile Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Ser Thr; Gly Thr Ser; Val Trp Tyr Tyr Trp; Phe Val Ile; Leu

Similar substitutions are those in which at least one residue in the amino acid sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Such substitutions generally are made in accordance with the Table 6 when it is desired to maintain the activity of the protein. Table 6 shows amino acids which can be substituted for an amino acid in a protein and which are typically regarded as structural and functional substitutions. For example, a residue in column 1 of Table 6 may be substituted with a residue in column 2; in addition, a residue in column 2 of Table 6 may be substituted with the residue of column 1. TABLE 6 Residue Similar Substitutions Ala Ser; Thr; Gly; Val; Leu; Ile Arg Lys; His; Gly Asn Gln; His; Gly; Ser; Thr Asp Glu, Ser; Thr Gln Asn; Ala Cys Ser; Gly Glu Asp Gly Pro; Arg His Asn; Gln; Tyr; Phe; Lys; Arg Ile Ala; Leu; Val; Gly; Met Leu Ala; Ile; Val; Gly; Met Lys Arg; His; Gln; Gly; Pro Met Leu; Ile; Phe Phe Met; Leu; Tyr; Trp; His; Val; Ala Ser Thr; Gly; Asp; Ala; Val; Ile; His Thr Ser; Val; Ala; Gly Trp Tyr; Phe; His Tyr Trp; Phe; His Val Ala; Ile; Leu; Gly; Thr; Ser; Glu

Substitutions that are less conservative than those in Table 5 can be selected by picking residues that differ more significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. The substitutions which in general are expected to produce the greatest changes in protein properties will be those in which (a) a hydrophilic residue, e.g., seryl or threonyl, is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g., leucyl, isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl; (b) a cysteine or proline is substituted for (or by) any other residue; (c) a residue having an electropositive side chain, e.g., lysyl, arginyl, or histidyl, is substituted for (or by) an electronegative residue, e.g., glutamyl or aspartyl; or (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g., phenylalanine, is substituted for (or by) one not having a side chain, e.g., glycine.

Further Modifying Sequences of the Invention—Mutation/Forced Evolution

In addition to generating silent or conservative substitutions as noted, above, the present invention optionally includes methods of modifying the sequences of the Sequence Listing. In the methods, nucleic acid or protein modification methods are used to alter the given sequences to produce new sequences and/or to chemically or enzymatically modify given sequences to change the properties of the nucleic acids or proteins.

Thus, in one embodiment, given nucleic acid sequences are modified, e.g., according to standard mutagenesis or artificial evolution methods to produce modified sequences. The modified sequences may be created using purified natural polynucleotides isolated from any organism or may be synthesized from purified compositions and chemicals using chemical means well know to those of skill in the art. For example, Ausubel, supra, provides additional details on mutagenesis methods. Artificial forced evolution methods are described, for example, by Stemmer (1994) Nature 370: 389-391, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 10747-10751, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,811,238, 5,837,500, and 6,242,568. Methods for engineering synthetic transcription factors and other polypeptides are described, for example, by Zhang et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33850-33860, Liu et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 11323-11334, and Isalan et al. (2001) Nature Biotechnol. 19: 656-660. Many other mutation and evolution methods are also available and expected to be within the skill of the practitioner.

Similarly, chemical or enzymatic alteration of expressed nucleic acids and polypeptides can be performed by standard methods. For example, sequence can be modified by addition of lipids, sugars, peptides, organic or inorganic compounds, by the inclusion of modified nucleotides or amino acids, or the like. For example, protein modification techniques are illustrated in Ausubel, supra. Further details on chemical and enzymatic modifications can be found herein. These modification methods can be used to modify any given sequence, or to modify any sequence produced by the various mutation and artificial evolution modification methods noted herein.

Accordingly, the invention provides for modification of any given nucleic acid by mutation, evolution, chemical or enzymatic modification, or other available methods, as well as for the products produced by practicing such methods, e.g., using the sequences herein as a starting substrate for the various modification approaches.

For example, optimized coding sequence containing codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be used e.g., to increase the rate of translation or to produce recombinant RNA transcripts having desirable properties, such as a longer half-life, as compared with transcripts produced using a non-optimized sequence. Translation stop codons can also be modified to reflect host preference. For example, preferred stop codons for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals are TAA and TGA, respectively. The preferred stop codon for monocotyledonous plants is TGA, whereas insects and E. coli prefer to use TAA as the stop codon.

The polynucleotide sequences of the present invention can also be engineered in order to alter a coding sequence for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the sequence to facilitate cloning, processing and/or expression of the gene product. For example, alterations are optionally introduced using techniques which are well known in the art, e.g., site-directed mutagenesis, to insert new restriction sites, to alter glycosylation patterns, to change codon preference, to introduce splice sites, etc.

Furthermore, a fragment or domain derived from any of the polypeptides of the invention can be combined with domains derived from other transcription factors or synthetic domains to modify the biological activity of a transcription factor. For instance, a DNA-binding domain derived from a transcription factor of the invention can be combined with the activation domain of another transcription factor or with a synthetic activation domain. A transcription activation domain assists in initiating transcription from a DNA-binding site. Examples include the transcription activation region of VP16 or GALA (Moore et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 376-381; Aoyama et al. (1995) Plant Cell 7: 1773-1785), peptides derived from bacterial sequences (Ma and Ptashne (1987) Cell 51: 113-119) and synthetic peptides (Giniger and Ptashne (1987) Nature 330: 670-672).

Expression and Modification of Polypeptides

Typically, polynucleotide sequences of the invention are incorporated into recombinant DNA (or RNA) molecules that direct expression of polypeptides of the invention in appropriate host cells, transgenic plants, in vitro translation systems, or the like. Due to the inherent degeneracy of the genetic code, nucleic acid sequences which encode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequence can be substituted for any listed sequence to provide for cloning and expressing the relevant homolog.

The transgenic plants of the present invention comprising recombinant polynucleotide sequences are generally derived from parental plants, which may themselves be non-transformed (or non-transgenic) plants. These transgenic plants may either have a transcription factor gene “knocked out” (for example, with a genomic insertion by homologous recombination, an antisense or ribozyme construct) or expressed to a normal or wild-type extent. However, overexpressing transgenic “progeny” plants will exhibit greater mRNA levels, wherein the mRNA encodes a transcription factor, that is, a DNA-binding protein that is capable of binding to a DNA regulatory sequence and inducing transcription, and preferably, expression of a plant trait gene. Preferably, the mRNA expression level will be at least three-fold greater than that of the parental plant, or more preferably at least ten-fold greater mRNA levels compared to said parental plant, and most preferably at least fifty-fold greater compared to said parental plant.

Vectors, Promoters, and Expression Systems

The present invention includes recombinant constructs comprising one or more of the nucleic acid sequences herein. The constructs typically comprise a vector, such as a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage, a virus (e.g., a plant virus), a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), or the like, into which a nucleic acid sequence of the invention has been inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the construct further comprises regulatory sequences, including, for example, a promoter, operably linked to the sequence. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commercially available.

General texts that describe molecular biological techniques useful herein, including the use and production of vectors, promoters and many other relevant topics, include Berger, Sambrook, supra and Ausubel, supra. Any of the identified sequences can be incorporated into a cassette or vector, e.g., for expression in plants. A number of expression vectors suitable for stable transformation of plant cells or for the establishment of transgenic plants have been described including those described in Weissbach and Weissbach (1989) Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, and Gelvin et al. (1990) Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Specific examples include those derived from a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as well as those disclosed by Herrera-Estrella et al. (1983) Nature 303: 209, Bevan (1984) Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 8711-8721, Klee (1985) Bio/Technology 3: 637-642, for dicotyledonous plants.

Alternatively, non-Ti vectors can be used to transfer the DNA into monocotyledonous plants and cells by using free DNA delivery techniques. Such methods can involve, for example, the use of liposomes, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, silicon carbide whiskers, and viruses. By using these methods transgenic plants such as wheat, rice (Christou (1991) Bio/Technology 9: 957-962) and corn (Gordon-Kamm (1990) Plant Cell 2: 603-618) can be produced. An immature embryo can also be a good target tissue for monocots for direct DNA delivery techniques by using the particle gun (Weeks et al. (1993) Plant Physiol. 102: 1077-1084; Vasil (1993) Bio/Technology 10: 667-674; Wan and Lemeaux (1994) Plant Physiol. 104: 37-48, and for Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer (Ishida et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnol. 14: 745-750).

Typically, plant transformation vectors include one or more cloned plant coding sequence (genomic or cDNA) under the transcriptional control of 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences and a dominant selectable marker. Such plant transformation vectors typically also contain a promoter (e.g., a regulatory region controlling inducible or constitutive, environmentally- or developmentally-regulated, or cell- or tissue-specific expression), a transcription initiation start site, an RNA processing signal (such as intron splice sites), a transcription termination site, and/or a polyadenylation signal.

A potential utility for the transcription factor polynucleotides disclosed herein is the isolation of promoter elements from these genes that can be used to program expression in plants of any genes. Each transcription factor gene disclosed herein is expressed in a unique fashion, as determined by promoter elements located upstream of the start of translation, and additionally within an intron of the transcription factor gene or downstream of the termination codon of the gene. As is well known in the art, for a significant portion of genes, the promoter sequences are located entirely in the region directly upstream of the start of translation. In such cases, typically the promoter sequences are located within 2.0 kb of the start of translation, or within 1.5 kb of the start of translation, frequently within 1.0 kb of the start of translation, and sometimes within 0.5 kb of the start of translation.

The promoter sequences can be isolated according to methods known to one skilled in the art.

Examples of constitutive plant promoters which can be useful for expressing the TF sequence include: the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, which confers constitutive, high-level expression in most plant tissues (see, e.g., Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313: 810-812); the nopaline synthase promoter (An et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 88: 547-552); and the octopine synthase promoter (Fromm et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1: 977-984).

A variety of plant gene promoters that regulate gene expression in response to environmental, hormonal, chemical, developmental signals, and in a tissue-active manner can be used for expression of a TF sequence in plants. Choice of a promoter is based largely on the phenotype of interest and is determined by such factors as tissue (e.g., seed, fruit, root, pollen, vascular tissue, flower, carpel, etc.), inducibility (e.g., in response to wounding, heat, cold, drought, light, pathogens, etc.), timing, developmental stage, and the like. Numerous known promoters have been characterized and can favorably be employed to promote expression of a polynucleotide of the invention in a transgenic plant or cell of interest. For example, tissue specific promoters include: seed-specific promoters (such as the napin, phaseolin or DC3 promoter described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,697), fruit-specific promoters that are active during fruit ripening (such as the dru 1 promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,393), or the 2A11 promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,674) and the tomato polygalacturonase promoter (Bird et al. (1988) Plant Mol. Biol. 11: 651-662), root-specific promoters, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,618,988, 5,837,848 and 5,905,186, pollen-active promoters such as PTA29, PTA26 and PTA13 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,929), promoters active in vascular tissue (Ringli and Keller (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 37: 977-988), flower-specific (Kaiser et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 28: 231-243), pollen (Baerson et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 26: 1947-1959), carpels (Ohl et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 837-848), pollen and ovules (Baerson et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 22: 255-267), auxin-inducible promoters (such as that described in van der Kop et al. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 979-990 or Baumann et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11: 323-334), cytokinin-inducible promoter (Guevara-Garcia (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 743-753), promoters responsive to gibberellin (Shi et al. (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 1053-1060, Willmott et al. (1998) 38: 817-825) and the like. Additional promoters are those that elicit expression in response to heat (Ainley et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 22: 13-23), light (e.g., the pea rbcS-3A promoter, Kuhlemeier et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1: 471-478, and the maize rbcS promoter, Schaffner and Sheen (1991) Plant Cell 3: 997-1012); wounding (e.g., wunI, Siebertz et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1: 961-968); pathogens (such as the PR-1 promoter described in Buchel et al. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 387-396, and the PDF1.2 promoter described in Manners et al. (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 1071-1080), and chemicals such as methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid (Gatz (1997) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 89-108). In addition, the timing of the expression can be controlled by using promoters such as those acting at senescence (Gan and Amasino (1995) Science 270: 1986-1988); or late seed development (Odell et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 106: 447-458).

Plant expression vectors can also include RNA processing signals that can be positioned within, upstream or downstream of the coding sequence. In addition, the expression vectors can include additional regulatory sequences from the 3′-untranslated region of plant genes, e.g., a 3′ terminator region to increase mRNA stability of the mRNA, such as the PI-II terminator region of potato or the octopine or nopaline synthase 3′ terminator regions.

Additional Expression Elements

Specific initiation signals can aid in efficient translation of coding sequences. These signals can include, e.g., the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where a coding sequence, its initiation codon and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only coding sequence (e.g., a mature protein coding sequence), or a portion thereof, is inserted, exogenous transcriptional control signals including the ATG initiation codon can be separately provided. The initiation codon is provided in the correct reading frame to facilitate transcription. Exogenous transcriptional elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression can be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancers appropriate to the cell system in use.

Expression Hosts

The present invention also relates to host cells which are transduced with vectors of the invention, and the production of polypeptides of the invention (including fragments thereof) by recombinant techniques. Host cells are genetically engineered (i.e., nucleic acids are introduced, e.g., transduced, transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention, which may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector comprising the relevant nucleic acids herein. The vector is optionally a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, a naked nucleic acid, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the relevant gene. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in the references cited herein, including, Sambrook, supra and Ausubel, supra.

The host cell can be a eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or a plant cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. Plant protoplasts are also suitable for some applications. For example, the DNA fragments are introduced into plant tissues, cultured plant cells or plant protoplasts by standard methods including electroporation (Fromm et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 5824-5828, infection by viral vectors such as cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Hohn et al. (1982) Molecular Biology of Plant Tumors Academic Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 549-560; U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,956), high velocity ballistic penetration by small particles with the nucleic acid either within the matrix of small beads or particles, or on the surface (Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327: 70-73), use of pollen as vector (WO 85/01856), or use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens or A. rhizogenes carrying a T-DNA plasmid in which DNA fragments are cloned. The T-DNA plasmid is transmitted to plant cells upon infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and a portion is stably integrated into the plant genome (Horsch et al. (1984) Science 233: 496-498; Fraley et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80: 4803-4807).

The cell can include a nucleic acid of the invention that encodes a polypeptide, wherein the cell expresses a polypeptide of the invention. The cell can also include vector sequences, or the like. Furthermore, cells and transgenic plants that include any polypeptide or nucleic acid above or throughout this specification, e.g., produced by transduction of a vector of the invention, are an additional feature of the invention.

For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression can be used. Host cells transformed with a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention are optionally cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the encoded protein from cell culture. The protein or fragment thereof produced by a recombinant cell may be secreted, membrane-bound, or contained intracellularly, depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides encoding mature proteins of the invention can be designed with signal sequences which direct secretion of the mature polypeptides through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.

Modified Amino Acid Residues

Polypeptides of the invention may contain one or more modified amino acid residues. The presence of modified amino acids may be advantageous in, for example, increasing polypeptide half-life, reducing polypeptide antigenicity or toxicity, increasing polypeptide storage stability, or the like. Amino acid residue(s) are modified, for example, co-translationally or post-translationally during recombinant production or modified by synthetic or chemical means.

Non-limiting examples of a modified amino acid residue include incorporation or other use of acetylated amino acids, glycosylated amino acids, sulfated amino acids, prenylated (e.g., farnesylated, geranylgeranylated) amino acids, PEG modified (e.g., “TEGylated”) amino acids, biotinylated amino acids, carboxylated amino acids, phosphorylated amino acids, etc. References adequate to guide one of skill in the modification of amino acid residues are replete throughout the literature.

The modified amino acid residues may prevent or increase affinity of the polypeptide for another molecule, including, but not limited to, polynucleotide, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and lipid derivatives, and other organic or synthetic compounds.

Identification of Additional Factors

A transcription factor provided by the present invention can also be used to identify additional endogenous or exogenous molecules that can affect a phentoype or trait of interest. On the one hand, such molecules include organic (small or large molecules) and/or inorganic compounds that affect expression of (i.e., regulate) a particular transcription factor. Alternatively, such molecules include endogenous molecules that are acted upon either at a transcriptional level by a transcription factor of the invention to modify a phenotype as desired. For example, the transcription factors can be employed to identify one or more downstream genes that are subject to a regulatory effect of the transcription factor. In one approach, a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog of the invention is expressed in a host cell, e.g., a transgenic plant cell, tissue or explant, and expression products, either RNA or protein, of likely or random-targets are monitored, e.g., by hybridization to a microarray of nucleic acid probes corresponding to genes expressed in a tissue or cell type of interest, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of protein products, or by any other method known in the art for assessing expression of gene products at the level of RNA or protein. Alternatively, a transcription factor of the invention can be used to identify promoter sequences (such as binding sites on DNA sequences) involved in the regulation of a downstream target. After identifying a promoter sequence, interactions between the transcription factor and the promoter sequence can be modified by changing specific nucleotides in the promoter sequence or specific amino acids in the transcription factor that interact with the promoter sequence to alter a plant trait. Typically, transcription factor DNA-binding sites are identified by gel shift assays. After identifying the promoter regions, the promoter region sequences can be employed in double-stranded DNA arrays to identify molecules that affect the interactions of the transcription factors with their promoters (Bulyk et al. (1999) Nature Biotechnol. 17: 573-577).

The identified transcription factors are also useful to identify proteins that modify the activity of the transcription factor. Such modification can occur by covalent modification, such as by phosphorylation, or by protein-protein (homo or -heteropolymer) interactions. Any method suitable for detecting protein-protein interactions can be employed. Among the methods that can be employed are co-immunoprecipitation, cross-linking and co-purification through gradients or chromatographic columns, and the two-hybrid yeast system.

The two-hybrid system detects protein interactions in vivo and is described in Chien et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 9578-9582, and is commercially available from Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.). In such a system, plasmids are constructed that encode two hybrid proteins: one consists of the DNA-binding domain of a transcription activator protein fused to the TF polypeptide and the other consists of the transcription activator protein's activation domain fused to an unknown protein that is encoded by a cDNA that has been recombined into the plasmid as part of a cDNA library. The DNA-binding domain fusion plasmid and the cDNA library are transformed into a strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains a reporter gene (e.g., lacZ) whose regulatory region contains the transcription activator's binding site. Either hybrid protein alone cannot activate transcription of the reporter gene. Interaction of the two hybrid proteins reconstitutes the functional activator protein and results in expression of the reporter gene, which is detected by an assay for the reporter gene product. Then, the library plasmids responsible for reporter gene expression are isolated and sequenced to identity the proteins encoded by the library plasmids. After identifying proteins that interact with the transcription factors, assays for compounds that interfere with the TF protein-protein interactions can be preformed.

Identification of Modulators

In addition to the intracellular molecules described above, extracellular molecules that alter activity or expression of a transcription factor, either directly or indirectly, can be identified. For example, the methods can entail first placing a candidate molecule in contact with a plant or plant cell. The molecule can be introduced by topical administration, such as spraying or soaking of a plant, or incubating a plant in a solution containing the molecule, and then the molecule's effect on the expression or activity of the TF polypeptide or the expression of the polynucleotide monitored. Changes in the expression of the TF polypeptide can be monitored by use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, gel electrophoresis or the like. Changes in the expression of the corresponding polynucleotide sequence can be detected by use of microarrays, Northerns, quantitative PCR, or any other technique for monitoring changes in mRNA expression. These techniques are exemplified in Ausubel et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1998, and supplements through 2001). Changes in the activity of the transcription factor can be monitored, directly or indirectly, by assaying the function of the transcription factor, for example, by measuring the expression of promoters known to be controlled by the transcription factor (using promoter-reporter constructs), measuring the levels of transcripts using microarrays, Northern blots, quantitative PCR, etc. Such changes in the expression levels can be correlated with modified plant traits and thus identified molecules can be useful for soaking or spraying on fruit, vegetable and grain crops to modify traits in plants. Essentially any available composition can be tested for modulatory activity of expression or activity of any nucleic acid or polypeptide herein. Thus, available libraries of compounds such as chemicals, polypeptides, nucleic acids and the like can be tested for modulatory activity. Often, potential modulator compounds can be dissolved in aqueous or organic (e.g., DMSO-based) solutions for easy delivery to the cell or plant of interest in which the activity of the modulator is to be tested. Optionally, the assays are designed to screen large modulator composition libraries by automating the assay steps and providing compounds from any convenient source to assays, which are typically run in parallel (e.g., in microtiter formats on microplates in robotic assays).

In one embodiment, high throughput screening methods involve providing a combinatorial library containing a large number of potential compounds (potential modulator compounds). Such “combinatorial chemical libraries” are then screened in one or more assays, as described herein, to identify those library members particular chemical species or subclasses) that display a desired characteristic activity. The compounds thus identified can serve as target compounds.

A combinatorial chemical library can be, e.g., a collection of diverse chemical compounds generated by chemical synthesis or biological synthesis. For example, a combinatorial chemical library such as a polypeptide library is formed by combining a set of chemical building blocks (e.g., in one example, amino acids) in every possible way for a given compound length (i.e., the number of amino acids in a polypeptide compound of a set length). Exemplary libraries include peptide libraries, nucleic acid libraries, antibody libraries (see, e.g., Vaughn et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnol. 14: 309-314 and PCT/US96/10287), carbohydrate libraries (see, e.g., Liang et al. Science (1996) 274: 1520-1522 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,853), peptide nucleic acid libraries (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,083), and small organic molecule libraries (see, e.g., benzodiazepines, in Baum Chem. & Engineering News Jan. 18, 1993, page 33; isoprenoids, U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,588; thiazolidinones and metathiazanones, U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,974; pyrrolidines, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,525,735 and 5,519,134; morpholino compounds, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,337) and the like.

Preparation and screening of combinatorial or other libraries is well known to those of skill in the art. Such combinatorial chemical libraries include, but are not limited to, peptide libraries (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,175; Furka, (1991) Int. J. Pept. Prot. Res. 37: 487-493; and Houghton et al. (1991) Nature 354: 84-88). Other chemistries for generating chemical diversity libraries can also be used.

In addition, as noted, compound screening equipment for high-throughput screening is generally available, e.g., using any of a number of well known robotic systems that have also been developed for solution phase chemistries useful in assay systems. These systems include automated workstations including an automated synthesis apparatus and robotic systems utilizing robotic arms. Any of the above devices are suitable for use with the present invention, e.g., for high-throughput screening of potential modulators. The nature and implementation of modifications to these devices (if any) so that they can operate as discussed herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art.

Indeed, entire high-throughput screening systems are commercially available. These systems typically automate entire procedures including all sample and reagent pipetting, liquid dispensing, timed incubations, and final readings of the microplate in detector(s) appropriate for the assay. These configurable systems provide high throughput and rapid start up as well as a high degree of flexibility and customization. Similarly, microfluidic implementations of screening are also commercially available.

The manufacturers of such systems provide detailed protocols the various high throughput. Thus, for example, Zymark Corp. provides technical bulletins describing screening systems for detecting the modulation of gene transcription, ligand binding, and the like. The integrated systems herein, in addition to providing for sequence alignment and, optionally, synthesis of relevant nucleic acids, can include such screening apparatus to identify modulators that have an effect on one or more polynucleotides or polypeptides according to the present invention.

In some assays it is desirable to have positive controls to ensure that the components of the assays are working properly. At least two types of positive controls are appropriate. That is, known transcriptional activators or inhibitors can be incubated with cells or plants, for example, in one sample of the assay, and the resulting increase/decrease in transcription can be detected by measuring the resulting increase in RNA levels and/or protein expression, for example, according to the methods herein. It will be appreciated that modulators can also be combined with transcriptional activators or inhibitors to find modulators that inhibit transcriptional activation or transcriptional repression. Either expression of the nucleic acids and proteins herein or any additional nucleic acids or proteins activated by the nucleic acids or proteins herein, or both, can be monitored.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying compositions that modulate the activity or expression of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention. For example, a test compound, whether a small or large molecule, is placed in contact with a cell, plant (or plant tissue or explant), or composition comprising the polynucleotide or polypeptide of interest and a resulting effect on the cell, plant, (or tissue or explant) or composition is evaluated by monitoring, either directly or indirectly, one or more of: expression level of the polynucleotide or polypeptide, activity (or modulation of the activity) of the polynucleotide or polypeptide. In some cases, an alteration in a plant phenotype can be detected following contact of a plant (or plant cell, or tissue or explant) with the putative modulator, e.g., by modulation of expression or activity of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention. Modulation of expression or activity of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention may also be caused by molecular elements in a signal transduction second messenger pathway and such modulation can affect similar elements in the same or another signal transduction second messenger pathway.

Subsequences

Also contemplated are uses of polynucleotides, also referred to herein as oligonucleotides, typically having at least 12 bases, preferably at least 15, more preferably at least 20, 30, or 50 bases, which hybridize under at least highly stringent (or ultra-high stringent or ultra-ultra-high stringent conditions) conditions to a polynucleotide sequence described above. The polynucleotides may be used as probes, primers, sense and antisense agents, and the like, according to methods as noted supra.

Subsequences of the polynucleotides of the invention, including polynucleotide fragments and oligonucleotides are useful as nucleic acid probes and primers. An oligonucleotide suitable for use as a probe or primer is at least about 15 nucleotides in length, more often at least about 18 nucleotides, often at least about 21 nucleotides, frequently at least about 30 nucleotides, or about 40 nucleotides, or more in length. A nucleic acid probe is useful in hybridization protocols, e.g., to identify additional polypeptide homologs of the invention, including protocols for microarray experiments. Primers can be annealed to a complementary target DNA strand by nucleic acid hybridization to form a hybrid between the primer and the target DNA strand, and then extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other nucleic-acid amplification methods. See Sambrook, supra, and Ausubel, supra.

In addition, the invention includes an isolated or recombinant polypeptide including a subsequence of at least about 15 contiguous amino acids encoded by the recombinant or isolated polynucleotides of the invention. For example, such polypeptides, or domains or fragments thereof, can be used as immunogens, e.g., to produce antibodies specific for the polypeptide sequence, or as probes for detecting a sequence of interest. A subsequence can range in size from about 15 amino acids in length up to and including the full length of the polypeptide.

To be encompassed by the present invention, an expressed polypeptide which comprises such a polypeptide subsequence performs at least one biological function of the intact polypeptide in substantially the same manner, or to a similar extent, as does the intact polypeptide. For example, a polypeptide fragment can comprise a recognizable structural motif or functional domain such as a DNA binding domain that activates transcription, e.g., by binding to a specific DNA promoter region an activation domain, or a domain for protein-protein interactions.

Production of Transgenic Plants

Modification of Traits

The polynucleotides of the invention are favorably employed to produce transgenic plants with various traits, or characteristics, that have been modified in a desirable manner, e.g., to improve the seed characteristics of a plant. For example, alteration of expression levels or patterns (e.g., spatial or temporal expression patterns) of one or more of the transcription factors (or transcription factor homologs) of the invention, as compared with the levels of the same protein found in a wild-type plant, can be used to modify a plant's traits. An illustrative example of trait modification, improved characteristics, by altering expression levels of a particular transcription factor is described further in the Examples and the Sequence Listing.

Arabidopsis as a Model System

Arabidopsis thaliana is the object of rapidly growing attention as a model for genetics and metabolism in plants. Arabidopsis has a small genome, and well-documented studies are available. It is easy to grow in large numbers and mutants defining important genetically controlled mechanisms are either available, or can readily be obtained. Various methods to introduce and express isolated homologous genes are available (see Koncz et al. eds., et al. Methods in Arabidopsis Research (1992) et al. World Scientific, New Jersey, NJ, in “Preface”). Because of its small size, short life cycle, obligate autogamy and high fertility, Arabidopsis is also a choice organism for the isolation of mutants and studies in morphogenetic and development pathways, and control of these pathways by transcription factors (Koncz supra, p. 72). A number of studies introducing transcription factors into A. thaliana have demonstrated the utility of this plant for understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and trait alteration in plants. (See, for example, Koncz supra, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,428).

Arabidopsis Genes in Transgenic Plants.

Expression of genes which encode transcription factors modify expression of endogenous genes, polynucleotides, and proteins are well known in the art. In addition, transgenic plants comprising isolated polynucleotides encoding transcription factors may also modify expression of endogenous genes, polynucleotides, and proteins. Examples include Peng et al. (1997) et al. Genes and Development 11: 3194-3205, and Peng et al. (1999) Nature 400: 256-261. In addition, many others have demonstrated that an Arabidopsis transcription factor expressed in an exogenous plant species elicits the same or very similar phenotypic response. See, for example, Fu et al. (2001) Plant Cell 13: 1791-1802; Nandi et al. (2000) Curr. Biol. 10: 215-218; Coupland (1995) Nature 377: 482-483; and Weigel and Nilsson (1995) Nature 377: 482-500.

Homologous Genes Introduced into Transgenic Plants.

Homologous genes that may be derived from any plant, or from any source whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic or recombinant, and that share significant sequence identity or similarity to those provided by the present invention, may be introduced into plants, for example, crop plants, to confer desirable or improved traits. Consequently, transgenic plants may be produced that comprise a recombinant expression vector or cassette with a promoter operably linked to one or more sequences homologous to presently disclosed sequences. The promoter may be, for example, a plant or viral promoter.

The invention thus provides for methods for preparing transgenic plants, and for modifying plant traits. These methods include introducing into a plant a recombinant expression vector or cassette comprising a functional promoter operably linked to one or more sequences homologous to presently disclosed sequences. Plants and kits for producing these plants that result from the application of these methods are also encompassed by the present invention.

Transcription Factors of Interest for the Modification of Plant Traits

Currently, the existence of a series of maturity groups for different latitudes represents a major barrier to the introduction of new valuable traits. Any trait (e.g. disease resistance) has to be bred into each of the different maturity groups separately, a laborious and costly exercise. The availability of single strain, which could be grown at any latitude, would therefore greatly increase the potential for introducing new traits to crop species such as soybean and cotton.

For many of the specific effects, traits and utilities listed in Table 7 and Table 9 that may be conferred to plants, one or more transcription factor genes may be used to increase or decrease, advance or delay, or improve or prove deleterious to a given trait. Overexpressing or suppressing one or more genes can impart significant differences in production of plant products, such as different fatty acid ratios. For example, overexpression of G720 caused a plant to become more freezing tolerant, but knocking out the same transcription factor imparted greater susceptibility to freezing. Thus, suppressing a gene that causes a plant to be more sensitive to cold may improve a plant's tolerance of cold.

More than one transcription factor gene may be introduced into a plant, either by transforming the plant with one or more vectors comprising two or more transcription factors, or by selective breeding of plants to yield hybrid crosses that comprise more than one introduced transcription factor. Transgenic plants may be crossed with another plant or selfed or to produce seed; which may be used to generate progeny plants having increased tolerance to abiotic stress (“selfing” refers to self-pollinating, or using pollen from one plant to fertilize the same plant or another plant in the same line, whereas “crossing” generally refers to cross pollination with plant from a different line, such as a non-transformed or wild-type plant, or another transformed plant from a different transgenic line of plants). Crossing provides the advantage of being able to produce new varieties. The resulting seed may then be used to grow a progeny plant that is transgenic and has increased tolerance to abiotic stress. Generally, the progeny plants will express mRNA that encodes a DNA-binding protein having a conserved domain (e.g., an AP2, MYB-related or CCAAT-box binding domain) that binds to a DNA molecule, regulates its expression, and induces the expression of genes and polypeptides that confer to the plant the desirable trait (e.g., abiotic stress tolerance). In these progeny plants, the mRNA may be expressed at a level greater than in a non-transformed plant that does not overexpress the DNA-binding protein.

A listing of specific effects and utilities that the presently disclosed transcription factor genes have on plants, as determined by direct observation and assay analysis, is provided in Table 7. Table 7 shows the polynucleotides identified by SEQ ID NO; GID; and whether the polynucleotide was tested in a transgenic assay. The first column shows the polynucleotide SEQ ID NO; the second column shows the GID; the third column shows whether the gene was overexpressed (OE) or knocked out (KO) in plant studies; the fourth column shows the trait(s) resulting from the knock out or overexpression of the polynucleotide in the transgenic plant; and the fifth column (“Observations”), includes specific experimental observations made when expression of the polynucleotide of the first column was altered. TABLE 7 Traits categories and effects of transcription factor genes that are overexpressed (OE) or knocked out (KO) Polynucleotide OE/ SEQ ID NO: GID. KO Trait Alterations Observations 1 G8 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 3 G19 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Erysiphe; repressed by methyl jasmonate and induced by 1-aminocyclopropane 1- carboxylic acid (ACC) 5 G22 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to high salt stress 7 G24 OE Altered necrosis Reduced size and necrotic patches Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 2217 G27 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 9 G28 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Botrytis Increased tolerance to Sclerotinia Increased resistance to Erysiphe 11 G47 OE Altered stem morphology Altered structure of vascular tissues Increased tolerance to abiotic Better root growth under osmotic stress stress Late flowering Altered flowering time Altered architecture and inflorescence Altered architecture development Increased tolerance to abiotic Reduced apical dominance and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought 13 G156 KO Altered seed Seed color alteration Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 15 G157 OE Altered flowering time Altered flowering time (modest level of overexpression triggers early flowering, whereas a larger increase delays flowering) 17 G162 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content 19 G175 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to osmotic stress stress Increased tolerance to drought 21 G180 OE Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil Altered flowering time Early flowering 23 G183 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering Altered light response and/or Constitutive photomorphogenesis shade tolerance Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 25 G188 KO Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Fusarium disease Better germination under osmotic stress Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to drought stress 27 G189 OE Altered size Increased leaf size Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 29 G192 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil content 31 G196 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to high salt stress 33 G211 OE Altered leaf biochemistry Increase in leaf xylose Altered architecture Reduced apical dominance Altered leaf Altered leaf shape 35 G214 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered leaf biochemistry Increased leaf fatty acids Altered seed prenyl lipids Increased seed lutein Altered leaf prenyl lipids Increased leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids 37 G226 OE Altered seed protein Increased seed protein Altered trichomes Glabrous, lack of trichomes Altered root Increased root hairs Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to high salt stress Increased tolerance to nitrogen-limited Growth regulation; nutrient medium uptake Altered C/N sensing 2267 G234 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 2269 G237 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 39 G241 KO Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil Altered sugar sensing Decreased germination and growth on glucose medium 41 G248 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Botrytis disease 43 G254 OE Altered sugar sensing Decreased germination and growth on glucose medium 45 G256 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination and growth in cold stress 47 G278 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Sclerotinia disease 49 G291 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 51 G303 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high sucrose and and osmotic stress high NaCl Increased tolerance to drought 53 G312 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high NaCl stress 55 G325 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high sucrose and and osmotic stress NaCl Increased tolerance to drought 57 G343 OE Altered glyphosate sensitivity Increased resistance to glyphosate Altered size Small plant G2295 G347 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 59 G353 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased seedling vigor on and osmotic stress polyethylene glycol (PEG) Altered size Increased tolerance to drought Altered leaf Reduced size Altered flower Altered leaf development Short pedicels, downward pointing siliques 61 G354 OE Altered size Reduced size Altered light response and/or Constitutive photomorphogenesis shade tolerance Short pedicels, downward pointing Flower siliques 63 G361 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 65 G362 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered size Reduced size Altered trichomes Ectopic trichome formation, increased Morphology: other trichome number Increased pigmentation in seed and embryos, and in other organs 67 G371 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Botrytis disease 69 G390 OE Altered architecture Altered shoot development 71 G391 OE Altered architecture Altered shoot development 73 G409 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Erysiphe 75 G427 OE Altered seed oil Increased oil content Altered seed protein Decreased protein content Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 77 G438 KO Altered stem morphology Reduced lignin Altered architecture Reduced branching 79 G450 OE Altered seed Increased seed size 81 G464 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination and growth in heat stress 83 G470 OE Altered fertility Short stamen filaments 85 G477 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Sclerotinia disease Increased sensitivity to oxidative stress Increased tolerance to abiotic stress 87 G481 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Altered sugar sensing: better and osmotic stress germination on sucrose media Increased tolerance to drought 89 G482 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to high salt and osmotic stress 91 G484 KO Altered seed glucosinolates Altered glucosinolate profile 93 G489 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to osmotic stress and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought 95 G490 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 97 G504 OE Altered seed oil composition Decreased seed oil composition and content; increase in 18:2 fatty acid and decrease in 20:1 fatty acid 99 G509 KO Altered seed oil Increased total seed oil and protein Altered seed protein content 101 G519 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 103 G545 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Susceptible to high salt and osmotic stress Increased susceptibility to Erysiphe Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to disease Pseudomonas Growth regulation; nutrient Increased susceptibility to Fusarium uptake Increased tolerance to phosphate-free medium Altered C/N sensing 105 G546 OE Altered hormone sensitivity Decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) 107 G561 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Tolerance to abiotic stress Increased tolerance to potassium-free medium 109 G562 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 111 G567 OE Altered seed oil Increased total seed oil/protein content Altered seed protein Increased total seed oil/protein content Altered sugar sensing Decreased seedling vigor on high glucose 113 G568 OE Altered architecture Altered branching 115 G584 OE Altered seed Large seeds 117 G585 OE Altered trichomes Reduced trichome density 119 G590 KO Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content OE Altered flowering time Early flowering OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 121 G594 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Sclerotinia disease 123 G597 OE Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content 125 G598 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil 127 G634 OE Altered trichomes Increased trichome density and size Altered light response and/or Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade shade tolerance avoidance phenotype Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased drought tolerance stress 129 G635 OE Variegation Altered coloration Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 131 G636 OE Altered senescence Premature senescence 133 G638 OE Altered flower Altered flower development 135 G652 KO Altered seed prenyl lipids Increase in alpha-tocopherol 2391 G657 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 137 G663 OE Altered pigment Increased anthocyanins in leaf, root, seed 139 G664 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination and growth in cold stress 141 G674 OE Altered leaf Dark green, upwardly oriented leaves 143 G676 OE Altered trichomes Reduced trichome number, ectopic trichome formation 145 G680 OE Altered sugar sensing Reduced germination on glucose medium 147 G682 OE Altered trichomes Glabrous, lack of trichomes Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination and growth in heat and osmotic stress Increased root hairs Altered root Increased tolerance to drought Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 149 G715 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 151 G720 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic More freezing tolerant KO and osmotic stress Increased susceptibility to freezing Increased susceptibility to abiotic and osmotic stress 153 G736 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered leaf Altered leaf shape 155 G748 OE Altered seed prenyl lipids Increased lutein content Altered stem morphology More vascular bundles in stem Altered flowering time Late flowering 2413 G760 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 157 G779 OE Altered fertility Reduced fertility Altered flower Homeotic transformations 159 G789 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 161 G801 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high NaCl stress 163 G849 KO Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content 165 G859 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 167 G864 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination in heat stress Increased tolerance to drought 169 G867 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better seedling vigor on high salt and osmotic stress Better seedling vigor on high sucrose Altered sugar sensing 171 G869 OE Altered seed oil composition Altered seed fatty acid composition 2437 G872 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 173 G877 KO Embryo lethal Embryo lethal phenotype: potential herbicide target 175 G881 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Erysiphe disease 177 G892 KO Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 179 G896 KO Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Fusarium disease 2451 G904 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 181 G910 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 183 G911 OE Tolerance to abiotic stress Increased growth on potassium-free medium 185 G912 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Freezing tolerant stress Increased survival in drought Altered pigment conditions Altered sugar sensing Dark green color Reduced cotyledon expansion in glucose 187 G913 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to freezing stress Late flowering Altered flowering time Increased tolerance to drought 189 G922 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high sucrose and osmotic stress Better germination, increased root growth on high salt Increased tolerance to drought 191 G926 KO Altered hormone sensitivity Reduced sensitivity to ABA Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to high salt and and osmotic stress sucrose 2065 G932 OE Growth regulation; nutrient C/N sensing: increased tolerance to low uptake nitrogen 2461 G937 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 2471 G958 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 193 G961 KO Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 2479 G964 KO Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 195 G971 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 197 G974 OE Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 199 G975 OE Altered leaf biochemistry Increased fatty acids and wax in leaves Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to drought and osmotic stress Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 201 G979 KO Altered seed Altered seed development, ripening, Growth regulation; nutrient and germination uptake Altered C/N sensing 203 G987 KO Altered leaf fatty acids Reduction in 16:3 fatty acids Altered leaf biochemistry Altered prenyl lipids: chlorophyll, tocopherol, carotenoid 205 G988 OE Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content Altered flower Enlarged floral organs, short pedicels Altered architecture Reduced lateral branching Altered stem morphology Thicker stem, altered distribution of Growth regulation; nutrient vascular bundles uptake Altered C/N sensing 207 G1040 OE Altered seed Smaller and more rounded seeds 209 G1047 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Fusarium 2515 G1048 OE Altered light response and/or Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade shade tolerance avoidance phenotype 2517 G1049 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 211 G1051 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 213 G1052 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 215 G1062 KO Altered seed Altered seed shape 217 G1063 OE Altered leaf Altered leaf shape, dark green color Altered inflorescence Altered inflorescence development Altered flower Altered flower development, ectopic carpel tissue 219 G1064 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased sensitivity to Botrytis disease 221 G1069 OE Altered hormone sensitivity Reduced ABA sensitivity Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination under osmotic stress and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 223 G1073 OE Altered size Substantially increased plant size Altered seed Increased seed yield Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to drought stress 225 G1075 OE Altered flower Reduced or absent petals, sepals and stamens 227 G1084 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Botrytis disease 229 G1089 KO Increased tolerance to osmotic Better germination under osmotic stress stress 231 G1134 OE Altered hormone sensitivity Altered response to ethylene: longer hypocotyls and lack of apical hook 233 G1140 OE Altered flower Altered flower development 235 G1143 OE Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 237 G1146 OE Altered leaf Altered leaf development 239 G1196 KO Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Botrytis disease 241 G1198 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 243 G1225 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering Altered sugar sensing Better germination on sucrose and glucose media 245 G1226 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 247 G1229 OE Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil content 2555 G1246 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 249 G1255 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Botrytis disease Increased seed size Altered seed Reduced apical dominance Altered architecture Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 251 G1266 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Erysiphe Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 253 G1275 OE Altered architecture Reduced apical dominance 255 G1305 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Reduced chlorosis in heat stress 257 G1322 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased seedling vigor in cold stress Reduced size Altered size Increase in M39480 Leaf glucosinolates Constitutive photomorphogenesis Altered light response and/or Altered C/N sensing: increased shade tolerance tolerance to low nitrogen Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 259 G1323 OE Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil Altered seed protein Increased seed protein 261 G1330 OE Altered hormone sensitivity Ethylene insensitive when germinated in the dark on ACC 263 G1331 OE Altered light response and/or Constitutive photomorphogenesis shade tolerance Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 265 G1332 OE Altered trichomes Reduced trichome density Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 267 G1363 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Fusarium 269 G1411 OE Altered architecture Loss of apical dominance 2607 G1412 KO Altered light response and/or Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade shade tolerance avoidance phenotype 271 G1417 KO Altered seed oil Increase in 18:2, decrease in 18:3 fatty acids 273 G1419 OE Altered seed protein Increased seed protein 275 G1449 OE Altered flower Altered flower structure 277 G1451 OE Altered size Increased plant size OE Altered leaf Large leaf size KO Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 279 G1452 OE Altered trichomes Reduced trichome density Altered leaf Altered leaf shape, dark green color Altered hormone sensitivity Reduced sensitivity to ABA Altered flowering time Better germination on sucrose, salt Increased tolerance to abiotic Late flowering and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought 281 G1463 OE Altered senescence Premature senescence 283 G1471 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 285 G1478 OE Altered seed protein Decreased seed protein content Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 287 G1482 KO Altered pigment Increased anthocyanins OE Altered root Increased root growth 289 G1488 OE Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content Altered light response and/or Constitutive photomorphogenesis shade tolerance Reduced apical dominance, shorter Altered architecture stems 291 G1494 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering Altered light response and/or Long hypocotyls, altered leaf shape shade tolerance Pale green leaves, altered leaf shape Altered leaf Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 293 G1496 OE Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 295 G1499 OE Altered pigment Dark green color Altered architecture Altered plant architecture Altered flower Altered floral organ identity and development 297 G1519 KO Embryo lethal Embryo lethal phenotype: potential herbicide target 299 G1526 KO Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 301 G1540 OE Altered cell differentiation Reduced cell differentiation in meristem 303 G1543 OE Altered architecture Altered architecture, compact plant Morphology: other Dark green color Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil Altered leaf prenyl lipids Increase in chlorophyll a and b 2667 G1587 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 305 G1634 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Decreased seed protein content 307 G1637 OE Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content 309 G1640 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil 311 G1645 OE Altered inflorescence Altered inflorescence structure 313 G1646 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 2685 G1649 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 315 G1652 OE Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content G1666 KO Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 317 G1672 OE Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 319 G1677 OE Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content 321 G1749 OE Altered necrosis Formation of necrotic lesions 323 G1750 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 325 G1756 OE Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Botrytis disease 327 G1765 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 329 G1777 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Decreased seed protein content 331 G1792 OE Altered leaf Dark green, shiny leaves Increased tolerance to disease Increased resistance to Erysiphe Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased resistance to Botrytis and osmotic stress Increased resistance to Fusarium Increased tolerance to nitrogen-limited medium Increased tolerance to drought 333 G1793 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 335 G1794 OE Altered architecture Altered architecture, bushier plant Altered light response and/or Reduced apical dominance shade tolerance Constitutive photomorphogenesis Increased tolerance to osmotic Increased sensitivity to high PEG and abiotic stress Reduced root growth 337 G1804 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered sugar sensing Altered sugar sensing: more sensitive to glucose in germination assays 339 G1818 OE Altered seed protein Increased protein content 341 G1820 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering Altered hormone sensitivity Reduced ABA sensitivity Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination in high NaCl and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought 2733 G1835 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 343 G1836 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination in high salt and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought 345 G1838 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 347 G1841 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination under heat stress and osmotic stress Early flowering Altered flowering time 349 G1842 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 351 G1843 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 353 G1852 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better root growth under osmotic stress and osmotic stress 355 G1863 OE Altered leaf Altered leaf shape and coloration 357 G1880 KO Increased tolerance to disease Increased resistance to Botrytis 359 G1895 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 361 G1902 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 363 G1903 OE Altered seed protein Decreased seed protein content 365 G1919 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Botrytis 367 G1927 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Sclerotinia 369 G1930 OE Increased tolerance to osmotic Better germination under osmotic stress stress Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 371 G1936 KO Increased susceptibility to Increased susceptibility to Sclerotinia disease Increased susceptibility to Botrytis 373 G1944 OE Altered senescence Early senescence 375 G1946 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Decreased seed protein content Altered flowering time Early flowering Growth regulation; nutrient Increased root growth on phosphate- uptake free media 377 G1947 KO Altered fertility Reduced fertility 379 G1948 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 381 G1950 OE Increased tolerance to disease Increased tolerance to Botrytis 383 G1958 KO Altered size Reduced size and root mass Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content. 2157 G1995 OE Altered light response and/or Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade shade tolerance avoidance phenotype 385 G2007 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 387 G2010 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 389 G2053 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased root growth under osmotic and osmotic stress stress Growth regulation; nutrient Increased tolerance to drought uptake Altered C/N sensing 2797 G2057 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 391 G2059 OE Altered seed oil Altered seed oil content Altered seed protein Altered seed protein content 393 G2085 OE Altered seed Increased seed size and altered seed color 395 G2105 OE Altered seed Large, pale seeds 397 G2110 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to high salt and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought 399 G2114 OE Altered seed Increased seed size 401 G2117 OE Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content Altered C/N sensing 403 G2123 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 405 G2130 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination in heat stress 2163 G2131 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 407 G2133 OE Altered herbicide sensitivity Increased tolerance to glyphosate Altered flowering time Late flowering Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased drought tolerance and osmotic stress Altered C/N sensing Growth regulation; nutrient uptake 409 G2138 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 411 G2140 OE Altered hormone sensitivity Decreased sensitivity to ABA Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high NaCl and and osmotic stress sucrose Increased tolerance to drought 413 G2143 OE Altered inflorescence Altered inflorescence development Altered leaf Altered leaf shape, dark green color Altered flower Altered flower development, ectopic carpel tissue 415 G2144 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering Altered leaf Pale green leaves, altered leaf shape Light response Long hypocotyls, altered leaf shape Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 2827 G2145 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 417 G2153 OE Increased tolerance to osmotic Better germination under osmotic stress stress 419 G2155 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering 421 G2192 OE Altered seed oil Altered seed fatty acid composition 423 G2295 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 425 G2340 OE Altered seed glucosinolates Altered glucosinolate profile 427 G2343 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 429 G2346 OE Altered size Enlarged seedlings 431 G2347 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering 433 G2379 OE Increased tolerance to osmotic Increased seedling vigor on high stress sucrose media 435 G2430 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to heat and osmotic stress Increased leaf size, faster development Altered size 437 G2505 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to drought and osmotic stress Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade Altered light response and/or avoidance phenotype shade tolerance 439 G2509 OE Altered seed oil Decreased seed oil content Altered seed protein Increased seed protein content Altered seed prenyl lipids Increase in alpha-tocopherol Altered architecture Reduced apical dominance Altered flowering time Early flowering 2875 G2512 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 441 G2517 OE Altered herbicide sensitivity Increased tolerance to glyphosate 443 G2520 OE Altered seed prenyl lipids Altered tocopherol composition Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 2185 G2535 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 445 G2555 OE Altered light response and/or Constitutive photomorphogenesis shade tolerance Increased susceptibility to Botrytis Increased susceptibility to disease 447 G2557 OE Altered leaf Altered leaf shape, dark green color Altered flower Altered flower development, ectopic carpel tissue 449 G2583 OE Altered leaf Glossy, shiny leaves 451 G2701 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high NaCl and and osmotic stress sucrose Increased tolerance to drought 2191 G2718 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 453 G2719 OE Increased tolerance to osmotic Increased seedling vigor on high stress sucrose Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 2193 G2776 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to drought and osmotic stress 455 G2789 OE Altered hormone sensitivity Better germination on high sucrose Increased tolerance to abiotic Reduced ABA sensitivity and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought Altered light response and/or Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade shade tolerance avoidance phenotype Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing uptake 457 G2830 KO Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 1951 G12 KO Altered hormone sensitivity Increased sensitivity to ACC OE Altered necrosis Leaf and hypocotyl necrosis 1953 G30 OE Altered leaf Glossy green leaves Altered light response and/or Increased shade tolerance; lack of shade shade tolerance avoidance phenotype 1975 G231 OE Altered leaf biochemistry Increased leaf unsaturated fatty acids Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content Altered seed protein Decreased seed protein content 1979 G247 OE Altered trichomes Altered trichome distribution, reduced trichome density 1991 G370 KO Altered size Reduced size, shiny leaves OE Altered trichome ectopic trichome formation 2009 G485 OE Altered flowering time Early flowering KO Altered flowering time Late flowering 2061 G839 OE Growth regulation; nutrient Increased tolerance to nitrogen-limited uptake medium 2099 G1357 OE Altered leaf Altered leaf shape, dark green leaves Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to cold and osmotic stress Insensitive to ABA Altered hormone sensitivity Late flowering Altered flowering time 2126 G1646 OE Altered seed oil Increased seed oil content 2142 G1816 OE Altered sugar sensing Increased tolerance to glucose Growth regulation; nutrient Altered C/N sensing; less anthocyanin uptake on nitrogen-limited medium Increased tolerance to abiotic Increased tolerance to osmotic stress and osmotic stress Increased root hairs Altered root Glabrous leaves Altered trichomes Increased tolerance to nitrogen-limited medium 2147 G1888 OE Altered size Reduced size, dark green leaves 2153 G1945 OE Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered leaf Altered leaf shape 2195 G2826 OE Altered flower Aerial rosettes Altered trichomes Ectopic trichome formation 2197 G2838 OE Altered trichomes Increased trichome density Altered flowering time Late flowering Altered flower Flower: multiple alterations Leaves Aerial rosettes Altered size Dark green leaves Increased seedling size 2199 G2839 OE Increased tolerance to abiotic Better germination on high sucrose and osmotic stress Increased tolerance to drought Altered inflorescence Downward pedicels Altered size Reduced size

Table 8 shows the polypeptides identified by SEQ ID NO; Gene ID (GID) No.; the transcription factor family to which the polypeptide belongs, and conserved domains of the polypeptide. The first column shows the polypeptide SEQ ID NO; the third column shows the transcription factor family to which the polynucleotide belongs; and the fourth column shows the amino acid residue positions of the conserved domain in amino acid (AA) co-ordinates. TABLE 8 Gene families and conserved domains Polypeptide GID Conserved Domains in SEQ ID NO: No. Family Amino Acid Coordinates 4 G19 AP2 76-145 6 G22 AP2 89-157 10 G28 AP2 145-213 12 G47 AP2 11-80 38 G226 MYB-related 34-69 60 G353 Z-C2H2 41-61, 84-104 62 G354 Z-C2H2 42-62, 88-109 88 G481 CAAT 20-110 90 G482 CAAT 26-116 2010 G485 CAAT 20-110 94 G489 CAAT 57-156 128 G634 TH 62-147, 189-245 148 G682 MYB-related 27-63 168 G864 AP2 119-186 170 G867 AP2 59-124 186 G912 AP2 51-118 188 G913 AP2 62-128 190 G922 SCR 225-242 192 G926 CAAT 131-225 200 G975 AP2 4-71 2516 G1048 bZIP 138-190 222 G1069 AT-hook 67-74 224 G1073 AT-hook 33-42, 78-175 226 G1075 AT-hook 78-85 2102 G1364 CAAT 29-119 270 G1411 AP2 87-154 278 G1451 ARF 22-357 304 G1543 HB 135-195 332 G1792 AP2 17-85 2142 G1816 MYB-related 26-61 342 G1820 CAAT 70-133 344 G1836 CAAT 30-164 370 G1930 AP2 59-124 2608 G1995 Z-C2H2 93-113 408 G2133 AP2 11-83 418 G2153 AT-hook 75-94, 162-206 420 G2155 AT-hook 18-38 2172 G2345 CAAT 28-118 440 G2509 AP2 89-156 450 G2583 AP2 4-71 G2718 MYB-related 28-64

Examples of some of the utilities that may be desirable in plants, and that may be provided by transforming the plants with the presently disclosed sequences, are listed in Table 9. Many of the transcription factors listed in Table 9 may be operably linked with a specific promoter that causes the transcription factor to be expressed in response to environmental, tissue-specific or temporal signals. For example, G362 induces ectopic trichomes on flowers but also produces small plants. The former may be desirable to produce insect or herbivore resistance, or increased cotton yield, but the latter may be undesirable in that it may reduce biomass. However, by operably linking G362 with a flower-specific promoter, one may achieve the desirable benefits of the gene without affecting overall biomass to a significant degree. For examples of flower specific promoters, see Kaiser et al. (supra). For examples of other tissue-specific, temporal-specific or inducible promoters, see the above discussion under the heading “Vectors, Promoters, and Expression Systems”. TABLE 9 Genes, traits and utilities that affect plant characteristics Transcription factor genes Trait Category Phenotype(s) that impact traits Utility Abiotic stress Effect of chilling on plants Increased tolerance: G256; G664; G1322 Improved germination, growth rate, earlier planting, yield Germination in cold Increased tolerance: G256; G664 Earlier planting; improved survival, yield Freezing tolerance G720 (G720 KO is more Earlier planting; susceptible); G912; G913 improved quality, survival, yield Drought Increased tolerance: G47; G175; G188; G303; Improved survival, G325; G353; G481; G489; vigor, appearance, G634; G682; G864; G912; yield G913; G922; G975; G1069; G1452; G1792; G1820; G1836; G2053; G2110; G2133; G2140; G2505; G2701; G2776; G2789; G2839 Heat Increased tolerance: G464; G682; G864; G1305; Improved G1841; G2130; G2430 germination, growth rate, later planting, yield Osmotic stress Increased sensitivity: G1794 Abiotic stress response manipulation Increased tolerance: G47; G175; G188; G303; Improved germination G325; G353; G489; G922; rate, seedling vigor, G926; G1069; G1089; survival, yield G1452; G1816; G1820; G1852; G1930; G2053; G2140; G2153; G2379; G2701; G2719; G2789; G2839 Salt tolerance More susceptible: G545 Manipulation of response to high salt conditions Increased tolerance: G22; G196; G226; G312; Improved germination G482; G801; G867; G922; rate, survival, yield; G1836; G2110 extended growth range Nitrogen stress Sensitivity to N limitation: G1794 Manipulation of response to low nutrient conditions Tolerance to N limitation: G225; G226; G839; G1792; Improved yield and G1816 nutrient stress tolerance, decreased fertilizer usage Phosphate stress Tolerance to P limitation: G545; G561; G911; G1946 Improved yield and nutrient stress tolerance, decreased fertilizer usage Oxidative stress G477 Improved yield, quality, ultraviolet and chemical stress tolerance Herbicide Glyphosate G343; G2133; G2517 Generation of glyphosate-resistant plants to improve weed control Hormone Abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity sensitivity Reduced sensitivity to G546; G926; G1069; G1357; Modification of seed ABA: G1452; G1820; G2140; development, G2789 improved seed dormancy, cold and dehydration tolerance Sensitivity to ethylene Altered response: G1134 Manipulation of fruit ripening Insensitive to ethylene: G1330 Disease Botrytis Increased susceptibility: G248; G371; G1064; G1084; Manipulation of G1196; G1255; G1756; response to disease G1936; G2555 organism Increased resistance or G28; G1792; G1880; G1919; Improved yield, tolerance: G1950 appearance, survival, extended range Fusarium Increased susceptibility: G188; G545; G896 Manipulation of response to disease organism Increased resistance or G1047; G1792 Improved yield, tolerance: appearance, survival, extended range Erysiphe Increased susceptibility: G545; G881 Manipulation of response to disease organism Increased resistance or G19; G28; G409; G1266; Improved yield, tolerance: G1363; G1792 appearance, survival, extended range Pseudomonas Increased susceptibility: G545 Manipulation of response to disease organism Sclerotinia Increased susceptibility: G278; G477; G594; G1936 Manipulation of response to disease organism Increased resistance or G28; G1927 Improved yield, tolerance: appearance, survival, extended range Growth Altered sugar sensing regulator Decreased tolerance to G241; G254; G567; G680; Alteration of energy sugars: G912; G1804 balance, Increased tolerance to G481; G867; G1225; G1816 photosynthetic rate, sugars: carbohydrate accumulation, biomass production, source-sink relationships, senescence; alteration of storage compound accumulation in seeds Altered C/N sensing G682; G226; G1816; G2718; G24; G545; G760; G937; G971; G988; G1069; G1322; G1587; G1666; G2117; G2131; G2520; G2789; G8; G27; G156; G183; G189; G234; G237; G347; G427; G590; G635; G657; G872; G904; G912; G932; G958; G964; G975; G979; G1049; G1246; G1255; G1266; G1331; G1332; G1494; G1649; G1750; G1816; G1835; G1930; G2053; G2057; G2133; G2144; G2145; G2295; G2512; G2535; G2719 Flowering time Early flowering G157; G180; G183; G485 Faster generation (OE); G490; G590; G789; time; synchrony of G1225; G1494; G1820; flowering; additional G1841; G1842; G1843; harvests within a G1946; G2010; G2144; growing season, G2295; G2347; G2509 shortening of breeding programs Late flowering G8; G47; G157; G192; G214; Increased yield or G231; G361; G362; G485 biomass, alleviate risk (KO); G562; G736; G748; of transgenic pollen G859; G910; G913; G971; escape, synchrony of G1051; G1052; G1357; flowering G1452; G1478; G1804; G1895; G1945; G2007; G2133; G2155; G2838 General Altered flower structure development Stamen: G988; G1075; G1140; Ornamental and morphology G1499; G2557 modification of plant Sepal: G1075; G1140; G2557 architecture, improved Petal: G638; G1075; G1140; or reduced fertility to G1449; G1499; G2557 mitigate escape of Pedicel: G353; G354; G988 transgenic pollen, Carpel: G1063; G1140; G2143; improved fruit size, G2143; G2557 shape, number or Multiple alterations: G638; G988; G1063; G1140; yield G1449; G1499; G2143; G2557 Enlarged floral organs: G988; G1449; G2838 Siliques: G353; G354 G470; G779; G988; G1075; G1140; G1499; G1947; Reduced fertility: G2143; G2557 Aerial rosettes G638; G779; G1140; G1499 G1995; G2826; G2838 Inflorescence architectural change Altered branching pattern: G47; G1063; G1645; G2143 Ornamental Short internodes/bushy G47 modification of flower inflorescences: architecture; timing of Internode elongation: G1063 flowering; altered Lack of inflorescence: G1499; G2143 plant habit for yield or harvestability benefit; reduction in pollen production of genetically modified plants; manipulation of seasonality and annual or perennial habit; manipulation of determinate vs. indeterminate growth Altered shoot meristem development Stem bifurcations: G390; G391 Ornamental modification of plant architecture, manipulation of growth and development, increase in leaf numbers, modulation of branching patterns to provide improved yield or biomass Altered branching pattern G427; G568; G988; G1543; Ornamental G1794 modification of plant architecture, improved lodging resistance Apical dominance Reduced apical dominance: G47; G211; G1255; G1275; Ornamental G1411; G1488; G1794; modification of plant G2509 architecture Altered trichome density; development, or structure Reduced or no trichomes: G225; G226; G247; G585; Ornamental G676; G682; G1332; G1452; modification of plant G1816 architecture, increased Ectopic trichomes/altered G247; G362; G370; G676; plant product (e.g., trichome development/cell G2826 diterpenes, cotton) fate: productivity, insect Increase in trichome G362; G634; G838; G2838 and herbivore number, size or density: resistance Stem morphology and G47; G438; G748; G988; Modulation of lignin altered vascular tissue G1488 content; improvement structure of wood, palatability of fruits and vegetables Root development Increased root growth and G1482 Improved yield, stress proliferation: tolerance; anchorage Increased root hairs: G225; G226; G1816 Altered seed development, G979 ripening and germination Cell differentiation and cell G1540 Increase in carpel or proliferation fruit development; improve regeneration of shoots from callus in transformation or micro-propagation systems Rapid development G2430 Promote faster development and reproduction in plants Senescence Premature senescence: G636; G1463; G1944 Improvement in response to disease, fruit ripening Lethality when G877; G1519 Herbicide target; overexpressed ablation of specific tissues or organs such as stamen to prevent pollen escape Necrosis G12, G24 Disease resistance Plant size Increased plant size G1073; G1451 Improved yield, biomass, appearance Larger seedlings G2346; G2838 Increased survival and vigor of seedlings, yield Dwarfed or more compact G24; G343; G353; G354; Dwarfism, lodging plants G362; G370; G1008; G1277; resistance, G1543; G1794; G1958 manipulation of gibberellin responses Leaf Dark green leaves G674; G912; G1063; G1357; Increased morphology G1452; G1482; G1499; photosynthesis, G1792; G1863; G1888; biomass, appearance, G2143; G2557; G2838 yield Change in leaf shape G211; G353; G674; G736; Ornamental G1063; G1146; G1357; applications G1452; G1494; G1543; G1863; G2143; G2144 Altered leaf size: Increased leaf size, number G189; G214; G1451; G2430 Increased yield, or mass: ornamental applications Light green leaves G1494; G2144 Ornamental applications Variegation G635 Ornamental applications Glossy leaves G30; G1792; G2583 Ornamental applications, manipulation of wax composition, amount, or distribution Seed Altered seed coloration G156; G2105; G2085 Appearance morphology Seed size and shape Increased seed size: G450; G584; G1255; G2085; Yield, appearance G2105; G2114 Decreased seed size: G1040 Appearance Altered seed shape: G1040; G1062 Appearance Leaf Increased leaf wax G975; G1792; G2583 Insect, pathogen biochemistry resistance Leaf prenyl lipids Reduced chlorophyll: G987 Increase in tocopherols G652; G987; G2509 Increased lutein content G748 Increase in chlorophyll or G214; G1543 carotenoids: Leaf insoluble sugars Increase in leaf xylose G211 Increased leaf anthocyanins G663; G1482; G1888 Leaf fatty acids Reduction in leaf fatty G987 acids: Increase in leaf fatty acids: G214 Seed Seed oil content biochemistry Increased oil content: G162; G291; G427; G509; Improved oil yield G519; G561; G590; G598; Reduced caloric G629; G715; G849; G961; content G1198; G1226; G1471; G1478; G1526; G1640; G1646; G1750; G1765; G1777; G1793; G1838; G1902; G1946; G1948; G1958, G2123; G2138; G2343; G2830 Decreased oil content: G180; G192; G241; G504; G1143; G1229; G1323; G1543; G2509 Altered oil content: G567; G892; G974; G1451; G1496; G1646; G1672; G1677 Altered fatty acid content: G869; G1417; G2192 Seed protein content Increased protein content: G162; G226; G241; G509; Improved protein G988; G1323; G1419; yield, nutritional value G1652; G1818; G1820; Reduced caloric G1958; G2117; G2509 content Decreased protein content: G427; G1478; G1777; G1903; G1946 Altered protein content: G162; G567; G597; G849; G892; G1634; G1637; G1677 Altered seed prenyl lipid G652; G2509; G2520 Improved antioxidant content or composition and vitamin E content Seed glucosinolate Altered profile: G484; G2340 Increased seed anthocyanins G362; G663 Root Increased root anthocyanins G663 Biochemistry Light Altered cotyledon, G183; G354; G634; G1048; Improved shade response/shade hypocotyl, petiole G1322; G1331; G1412; tolerance: potential for tolerance development; altered leaf G1488; G1494; G1794; increased planting orientation; constitutive G1995, G2144; G2505; densities and yield photomorphogenesis; G2555; G2789; enhancement photomorphogenesis in low light Pigment Increased anthocyanin level G362; G663; G1482 Enhanced health benefits, improved ornamental appearance, increased stress resistance, attraction of pollinating and seed- dispersing animals Abbreviations: N = nitrogen P = phosphate ABA = abscisic acid C/N = carbon/nitrogen balance Detailed Description of Genes, Traits and Utilities that Affect Plant Characteristics

The following descriptions of traits and utilities associated with the present transcription factors offer a more comprehensive description than that provided in Table 9.

Abiotic Stress, General Considerations

Plant transcription factors can modulate gene expression, and, in turn, be modulated by the environmental experience of a plant. Significant alterations in a plant's environment invariably result in a change in the plant's transcription factor gene expression pattern. Altered transcription factor expression patterns generally result in phenotypic changes in the plant. Transcription factor gene product(s) in transgenic plants then differ(s) in amounts or proportions from that found in wild-type or non-transformed plants, and those transcription factors likely represent polypeptides that are used to alter the response to the environmental change. By way of example, it is well accepted in the art that analytical methods based on altered expression patterns may be used to screen for phenotypic changes in a plant far more effectively than can be achieved using traditional methods.

Abiotic stress: adult stare chilling. Enhanced chilling tolerance may extend the effective growth range of chilling sensitive crop species by allowing earlier planting or later harvest. Improved chilling tolerance may be conferred by increased expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acetyltransferase in chloroplasts (see, for example, Wolter et al. (1992) et al. EMBO J. 4685-4692, and Murata et al. (1992) Nature 356: 710-713).

Chilling tolerance could also serve as a model for understanding how plants adapt to water deficit. Both chilling and water stress share similar signal transduction pathways and tolerance/adaptation mechanisms. For example, acclimation to chilling temperatures can be induced by water stress or treatment with abscisic acid. Genes induced by low temperature include dehydrins (or LEA proteins). Dehydrins are also induced by salinity, abscisic acid, water stress, and during the late stages of embryogenesis.

Another large impact of chilling occurs during post-harvest storage. For example, some fruits and vegetables do not store well at low temperatures (for example, bananas, avocados, melons, and tomatoes). The normal ripening process of the tomato is impaired if it is exposed to cool temperatures. Transcription factor genes conferring resistance to chilling temperatures, including G256, G664, and G1322 may thus enhance tolerance during post-harvest storage.

Abiotic stress: cold germination. Several of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes confer better germination and growth in cold conditions. For example, the improved germination in cold conditions seen with G256 and G664 indicates a role in regulation of cold responses by these genes and their equivalogs. These genes might be engineered to manipulate the response to low temperature stress. Genes that would allow germination and seedling vigor in the cold would have highly significant utility in allowing seeds to be planted earlier in the season with a high rate of survival. Transcription factor genes that confer better survival in cooler climates allow a grower to move up planting time in the spring and extend the growing season further into autumn for higher crop yields. Germination of seeds and survival at temperatures significantly below that of the mean temperature required for germination of seeds and survival of non-transformed plants would increase the potential range of a crop plant into regions in which it would otherwise fail to thrive.

Abiotic stress: freezing tolerance and osmotic stress. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G47, G175, G188, G303, G325, G353, G489, G922, G926, G1069, G1089, G1452, G1820, G1852, G1930, G2053, G2140, G2153, G2379, G2701, G2719, G2789, G2839 and their equivalogs, that increase germination rate and/or growth under adverse osmotic conditions, could impact survival and yield of seeds and plants. Osmotic stresses may be regulated by specific molecular control mechanisms that include genes controlling water and ion movements, functional and structural stress-induced proteins, signal perception and transduction, and free radical scavenging, and many others (Wang et al. (2001) Acta Hort. (ISHS) 560: 285-292). Instigators of osmotic stress include freezing, drought and high salinity, each of which are discussed in more detail below.

In many ways, freezing, high salt and drought have similar effects on plants, not the least of which is the induction of common polypeptides that respond to these different stresses. For example, freezing is similar to water deficit in that freezing reduces the amount of water available to a plant. Exposure to freezing temperatures may lead to cellular dehydration as water leaves cells and forms ice crystals in intercellular spaces (Buchanan, supra). As with high salt concentration and freezing, the problems for plants caused by low water availability include mechanical stresses caused by the withdrawal of cellular water. Thus, the incorporation of transcription factors that modify a plant's response to osmotic stress or improve tolerance to (e.g., by G720, G912, G913 or their equivalogs) into, for example, a crop or ornamental plant, may be useful in reducing damage or loss. Specific effects caused by freezing, high salt and drought are addressed below.

Abiotic stress: drought and low humidity tolerance. Exposure to dehydration invokes similar survival strategies in plants as does freezing stress (see, for example, Yelenosky (1989) Plant Physiol 89: 444-451) and drought stress induces freezing tolerance (see, for example, Siminovitch et al. (1982) Plant Physiol 69: 250-255; and Guy et al. (1992) Planta 188: 265-270). In addition to the induction of cold-acclimation proteins, strategies that allow plants to survive in low water conditions may include, for example, reduced surface area, or surface oil or wax production. A number of presently disclosed transcription factor genes, e.g., G912, G913, G1820, G1836 and G2505 increase a plant's tolerance to low water conditions and, along with their functional equivalogs, would provide the benefits of improved survival, increased yield and an extended geographic and temporal planting range.

Abiotic stress: heat stress tolerance. The germination of many crops is also sensitive to high temperatures. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes that provide increased heat tolerance, including G464, G682, G864, G1305, G1841, G2130, G2430 and their equivalogs, would be generally useful in producing plants that germinate and grow in hot conditions, may find particular use for crops that are planted late in the season, or extend the range of a plant by allowing growth in relatively hot climates.

Abiotic stress: salt. The genes in Table 9 that provide tolerance to salt may be used to engineer salt tolerant crops and trees that can flourish in soils with high saline content or under drought conditions. In particular, increased salt tolerance during the germination stage of a plant enhances survival and yield. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G22, G196, G226, G312, G482, G801, G867, G922, G1836, G2110, and their equivalogs that provide increased salt tolerance during germination, the seedling stage, and throughout a plant's life cycle, would find particular value for imparting survival and yield in areas where a particular crop would not normally prosper.

Nutrient uptake and utilization: nitrogen and phosphorus. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes introduced into plants provide a means to improve uptake of essential nutrients, including nitrogenous compounds, phosphates, potassium, and trace minerals. The enhanced performance of, for example, G225, G226, G839, G1792, and other overexpressing lines under low nitrogen, and G545, G561, G911, G1946 under low phosphorous conditions indicate that these genes and their equivalogs can be used to engineer crops that could thrive under conditions of reduced nutrient availability. Phosphorus, in particular, tends to be a limiting nutrient in soils and is generally added as a component in fertilizers. Young plants have a rapid intake of phosphate and sufficient phosphate is important for yield of root crops such as carrot, potato and parsnip.

The effect of these modifications is to increase the seedling germination and range of ornamental and crop plants. The utilities of presently disclosed transcription factor genes conferring tolerance to conditions of low nutrients also include cost savings to the grower by reducing the amounts of fertilizer needed, environmental benefits of reduced fertilizer runoff into watersheds; and improved yield and stress tolerance. In addition, by providing improved nitrogen uptake capability, these genes can be used to alter seed protein amounts and/or composition in such a way that could impact yield as well as the nutritional value and production of various food products.

A number of the transcription factor-overexpressing lines make less anthocyanin on high sucrose plus glutamine indicates that these genes can be used to modify carbon and nitrogen status, and hence assimilate partitioning (assimilate partitioning refers to the manner in which an essential element, such as nitrogen, is distributed among different pools inside a plant, generally in a reduced form, for the purpose of transport to various tissues).

Increased tolerance of plants to oxidative stress. In plants, as in all living things, abiotic and biotic stresses induce the formation of oxygen radicals, including superoxide and peroxide radicals. This has the effect of accelerating senescence, particularly in leaves, with the resulting loss of yield and adverse effect on appearance. Generally, plants that have the highest level of defense mechanisms, such as, for example, polyunsaturated moieties of membrane lipids, are most likely to thrive under conditions that introduce oxidative stress (e.g., high light, ozone, water deficit, particularly in combination). Introduction of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G477 and its equivalogs, that increase the level of oxidative stress defense mechanisms would provide beneficial effects on the yield and appearance of plants. One specific oxidizing agent, ozone, has been shown to cause significant foliar injury, which impacts yield and appearance of crop and ornamental plants. In addition to reduced foliar injury that would be found in ozone resistant plant created by transforming plants with some of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes, the latter have also been shown to have increased chlorophyll fluorescence (Yu-Sen Chang et al. (2001) Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 42: 265-272).

Decreased herbicide sensitivity. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G343, G2133, G2517 and their equivalogs, that confer resistance or tolerance to herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) will find use in providing means to increase herbicide applications without detriment to desirable plants. This would allow for the increased use of a particular herbicide in a local environment, with the effect of increased detriment to undesirable species and less harm to transgenic, desirable cultivars.

Knockouts of a number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes have been shown to be lethal to developing embryos. Thus, these genes are potentially useful as herbicide targets.

Hormone sensitivity. ABA plays regulatory roles in a host of physiological processes in all higher as well as in lower plants (Davies et al. (1991) Abscisic Acid: Physiology and Biochemistry. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK; Zeevaart et al. (1988) Ann Rev Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49: 439-473; Shimizu-Sato et al. (2001) Plant Physiol 127: 1405-1413). ABA mediates stress tolerance responses in higher plants, is a key signal compound that regulates stomatal aperture and, in concert with other plant signaling compounds, is implicated in mediating responses to pathogens and wounding or oxidative damage (for example, see Larkindale et al. (2002) Plant Physiol. 128: 682-695). In seeds, ABA promotes seed development, embryo maturation, synthesis of storage products (proteins and lipids), desiccation tolerance, and is involved in maintenance of dormancy (inhibition of germination), and apoptosis (Zeevaart et al. (1988) Ann Rev Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49: 439-473; Davies (1991), supra; Thomas (1993) Plant Cell 5: 1401-1410; and Bethke et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11: 1033-1046). ABA also affects plant architecture, including root growth and morphology and root-to-shoot ratios. ABA action and metabolism is modulated not only by environmental signals but also by endogenous signals generated by metabolic feedback, transport, hormonal cross-talk and developmental stage. Manipulation of ABA levels, and hence by extension the sensitivity to ABA, has been described as a very promising means to improve productivity, performance and architecture in plants Zeevaart (1999) in: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones, Hooykaas et al. eds, Elsevier Science pp 189-207; and Cutler et al. (1999) Trends Plant Sci. 4: 472-478).

A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes affect plant abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity, including G546, G926, 1069, G1357, G1452, G1820, G2140, G2789. Thus, by affecting ABA sensitivity, these introduced transcription factor genes and their equivalogs would affect cold, drought, oxidative and other stress sensitivities, plant architecture, and yield.

Several other of the present transcription factor genes have been used to manipulate ethylene signal transduction and response pathways. These genes can thus be used to manipulate the processes influenced by ethylene, such as seed germination or fruit ripening, and to improve seed or fruit quality.

Diseases, pathogens and pests. A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes have been shown to or are likely to affect a plants response to various plant diseases, pathogens and pests. The offending organisms include fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Scierotinia sclerotiorum, and Erysiphe orontii. Bacterial pathogens to which resistance may be conferred include Pseudomonas syringae. Other problem organisms may potentially include nematodes, mollicutes, parasites, or herbivorous arthropods. In each case, one or more transformed transcription factor genes may provide some benefit to the plant to help prevent or overcome infestation, or be used to manipulate any of the various plant responses to disease. These mechanisms by which the transcription factors work could include increasing surface waxes or oils, surface thickness, or the activation of signal transduction pathways that regulate plant defense in response to attacks by herbivorous pests (including, for example, protease inhibitors). Another means to combat fungal and other pathogens is by accelerating local cell death or senescence, mechanisms used to impair the spread of pathogenic microorganisms throughout a plant. For instance, the best known example of accelerated cell death is the resistance gene-mediated hypersensitive response, which causes localized cell death at an infection site and initiates a systemic defense response. Because many defenses, signaling molecules, and signal transduction pathways are common to defense against different pathogens and pests, such as fungal, bacterial, oomycete, nematode, and insect, transcription factors that are implicated in defense responses against the fungal pathogens tested may also function in defense against other pathogens and pests. These transcription factors include, for example, G28, G1792, G1880, G1919, G1950 (improved resistance or tolerance to Botrytis), G1047, G1792 (improved resistance or tolerance to Fusarium), G19, G28, G409, G1266, G1363, G1792 (improved resistance or tolerance to Erysiphe), G545 (improved resistance or tolerance to Pseudomonas), G28, G1927 (improved resistance or tolerance to Sclerotinia), and their equivalogs.

Growth regulator: sugar sensing. In addition to their important role as an energy source and structural component of the plant cell, sugars are central regulatory molecules that control several aspects of plant physiology, metabolism and development (Hsieh et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 13965-13970). It is thought that this control is achieved by regulating gene expression and, in higher plants, sugars have been shown to repress or activate plant genes involved in many essential processes such as photosynthesis, glyoxylate metabolism, respiration, starch and sucrose synthesis and degradation, pathogen response, wounding response, cell cycle regulation, pigmentation, flowering and senescence. The mechanisms by which sugars control gene expression are not understood.

Because sugars are important signaling molecules, the ability to control either the concentration of a signaling sugar or how the plant perceives or responds to a signaling sugar could be used to control plant development, physiology or metabolism. For example, the flux of sucrose (a disaccharide sugar used for systemically transporting carbon and energy in most plants) has been shown to affect gene expression and alter storage compound accumulation in seeds. Manipulation of the sucrose signaling pathway in seeds may therefore cause seeds to have more protein, oil or carbohydrate, depending on the type of manipulation. Similarly, in tubers, sucrose is converted to starch which is used as an energy store. It is thought that sugar signaling pathways may partially determine the levels of starch synthesized in the tubers. The manipulation of sugar signaling in tubers could lead to tubers with a higher starch content.

Thus, the presently disclosed transcription factor genes that manipulate the sugar signal transduction pathway, including G241, G254, G567, G680, G912, G1804, G481, G867, G1225, along with their equivalogs, may lead to altered gene expression to produce plants with desirable traits. In particular, manipulation of sugar signal transduction pathways could be used to alter source-sink relationships in seeds, tubers, roots and other storage organs leading to increase in yield.

Growth regulator: C/N sensing. Nitrogen and carbon metabolism are tightly linked in almost every biochemical pathway in the plant. Carbon metabolites regulate genes involved in N acquisition and metabolism, and are known to affect germination and the expression of photosynthetic genes (Coruzzi et al. (2001) Plant Physiol. 125: 61-64) and hence growth. Early studies on nitrate reductase (NR) in 1976 showed that NR activity could be affected by Glc/Suc (Crawford (1995) Plant Cell 7: 859-886; Daniel-Vedele et al. (1996) CR Acad Sci Paris 319: 961-968). Those observations were supported by later experiments that showed sugars induce NR mRNA in dark-adapted, green seedlings (Cheng C L, et al. (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1861-1864). C and N may have antagonistic relationships as signaling molecules; light induction of NR activity and mRNA levels can be mimicked by C metabolites and N-metabolites cause repression of NR induction in tobacco (Vincentz et al. (1992) Plant J 3: 315-324). Gene regulation by C/N status has been demonstrated for a number of N-metabolic genes (Stitt (1999) Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 2: 178-186); Coruzzi et al. (2001) supra). Thus, transcription factor genes that affect C/N sensing, such as G1816, can be used to alter or improve germination and growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions.

Flowering time: early and late flowering. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes that accelerate flowering, which include G157, G180, G183, G485, G490, G590, G789, G1225, G1494, G1820, G1841, G1842, G1843, G1946, G2010, G2144, G2295, G2347, G2509, and their functional equivalogs, could have valuable applications in such programs, since they allow much faster generation times. In a number of species, for example, broccoli, cauliflower, where the reproductive parts of the plants constitute the crop and the vegetative tissues are discarded, it would be advantageous to accelerate time to flowering. Accelerating flowering could shorten crop and tree breeding programs. Additionally, in some instances, a faster generation time would allow additional harvests of a crop to be made within a given growing season. A number of Arabidopsis genes have already been shown to accelerate flowering when constitutively expressed. These include LEAFY, APETALA1 and CONSTANS (Mandel et al. (1995) Nature 377: 522-524; Weigel and Nilsson (1995) Nature 377: et al. 495-500; Simon et al. (1996) Nature 384: 59-62).

By regulating the expression of potential flowering using inducible promoters, flowering could be triggered by application of an inducer chemical. This would allow flowering to be synchronized across a crop and facilitate more efficient harvesting. Such inducible systems could also be used to tune the flowering of crop varieties to different latitudes. At present, species such as soybean and cotton are available as a series of maturity groups that are suitable for different latitudes on the basis of their flowering time (which is governed by day-length). A system in which flowering could be chemically controlled would allow a single high-yielding northern maturity group to be grown at any latitude. In southern regions such plants could be grown for longer periods before flowering was induced, thereby increasing yields. In more northern areas, the induction would be used to ensure that the crop flowers prior to the first winter frosts.

In a sizeable number of species, for example, root crops, where the vegetative parts of the plants constitute the crop and the reproductive tissues are discarded, it is advantageous to identify and incorporate transcription factor genes that delay or prevent flowering in order to prevent resources being diverted into reproductive development. For example, G8, G47, G157, G192, G214, G231; G361, G362, G562, G736, G748, G859, G910, G913, G971, G1051, G1052, G1357, G1452, G1478, G1804, G1895, G1945, G2007, G2133, G2155, G2838 and equivalogs, delay flowering time in transgenic plants. Extending vegetative development with presently disclosed transcription factor genes could thus bring about large increases in yields. Prevention of flowering can help maximize vegetative yields and prevent escape of genetically modified organism (GMO) pollen.

Presently disclosed transcription factors that extend flowering time have utility in engineering plants with longer-lasting flowers for the horticulture industry, and for extending the time in which the plant is fertile.

A number of the presently disclosed transcription factors may extend flowering time, and delay flower abscission, which would have utility in engineering plants with longer-lasting flowers for the horticulture industry. This would provide a significant benefit to the ornamental industry, for both cut flowers and woody plant varieties (of, for example, maize), as well as have the potential to lengthen the fertile period of a plant, which could positively impact yield and breeding programs.

General development and morphology: flower structure and inflorescence: architecture, altered flower organs, reduced fertility multiple alterations, aerial rosettes, branching, internode distance, terminal flowers and phase change. Presently disclosed transgenic transcription factors such as G353; G354, G638; G779; G988; G1063; G1075; G1140; G1449; G1499; G2143; G2557, G2838, G2839 and their equivalogs, may be used to create plants with larger flowers or arrangements of flowers that are distinct from wild-type or non-transformed cultivars. This would likely have the most value for the ornamental horticulture industry, where larger flowers or interesting floral configurations are generally preferred and command the highest prices.

Flower structure may have advantageous or deleterious effects on fertility, and could be used, for example, to decrease fertility by the absence, reduction or screening of reproductive components. In fact, plants that overexpress a sizable number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes e.g., G470, G779, G988, G1075, G1140, G1499, G1947, G2143, G2557 and their functional equivalogs, possess reduced fertility; flowers are infertile and fail to yield seed. These could be desirable traits, as low fertility could be exploited to prevent or minimize the escape of the pollen of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment.

The alterations in shoot architecture seen in the lines transformed with G47, G1063, G1645, G2143, and their functional equivalogs indicates that these genes and their equivalogs can be used to manipulate inflorescence branching patterns. This could influence yield and offer the potential for more effective harvesting techniques. For example, a “self pruning” mutation of tomato results in a determinate growth pattern and facilitates mechanical harvesting (Pnueli et al. (2001) Plant Cell 13(12): 2687-702).

One interesting application for manipulation of flower structure, for example, by introduced transcription factors could be in the increased production of edible flowers or flower parts, including saffron, which is derived from the stigmas of Crocus sativus.

Genes that later silique conformation in brassicates may be used to modify fruit ripening processes in brassicates and other plants, which may positively affect seed or fruit quality.

A number of the presently disclosed transcription factors may affect the timing of phase changes in plants. Since the timing or phase changes generally affects a plant's eventual size, these genes may prove beneficial by providing means for improving yield and biomass.

General development and morphology: shoot meristem and branching patterns. Several of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G390 and G391, and G1794, when introduced into plants, have been shown to cause stem bifurcations in developing shoots in which the shoot meristems split to form two or three separate shoots. These transcription factors and their functional equivalogs may thus be used to manipulate branching. This would provide a unique appearance, which may be desirable in ornamental applications, and may be used to modify lateral branching for use in the forestry industry. A reduction in the formation of lateral branches could reduce knot formation. Conversely, increasing the number of lateral branches could provide utility when a plant is used as a view- or windscreen.

General development and morphology: apical dominance: The modified expression of presently disclosed transcription factors (e.g., G47, G211, G1255, G1275, G1411, G1488, G1794, G2509 and their equivalogs) that reduce apical dominance could be used in ornamental horticulture, for example, to modify plant architecture, for example, to produce a shorter, more bushy stature than wild type. The latter form would have ornamental utility as well as provide increased resistance to lodging.

General development and morphology: trichome density development or structure. Several of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes have been used to modify trichome number, density, trichome cell fate, amount of trichome products produced by plants, or produce ectopic trichome formation. These include G225; G226, G247; G362, G370; G585, G634, G676, G682, G1332, G1452, G1995, G2826, and G2838. In most cases where the metabolic pathways are impossible to engineer, increasing trichome density or size on leaves may be the only way to increase plant productivity. Thus, by increasing trichome density, size or type, these trichome-affecting genes and their functional equivalogs would have profound utilities in molecular farming practices by making use of trichomes as a manufacturing system for complex secondary metabolites.

Trichome glands on the surface of many higher plants produce and secrete exudates that give protection from the elements and pests such as insects, microbes and herbivores. These exudates may physically immobilize insects and spores, may be insecticidal or ant-microbial or they may act as allergens or irritants to protect against herbivores. By modifying trichome location, density or activity with presently disclosed transcription factors that modify these plant characteristics, plants that are better protected and higher yielding may be the result.

A potential application for these trichome-affecting genes and their equivalogs also exists in cotton: cotton fibers are modified unicellular trichomes that develop from the outer ovule epidermis. In fact, only about 30% of these epidermal cells develop into trichomes, but all have the potential to develop a trichome fate. Trichome-affecting genes can trigger an increased number of these cells to develop as trichomes and thereby increase the yield of cotton fibers. Since the mallow family is closely related to the Brassica family, genes involved in trichome formation will likely have homologs in cotton or function in cotton.

If the effects on trichome patterning reflect a general change in heterochronic processes, trichome-affecting transcription factors or their equivalogs can be used to modify the way meristems and/or cells develop during different phases of the plant life cycle. In particular, altering the timing of phase changes could afford positive effects on yield and biomass production.

General development and morphology: stem morphology and altered vascular tissue structure. Plants transformed with transcription factor genes that modify stem morphology or lignin content may be used to affect overall plant architecture and the distribution of lignified fiber cells within the stem.

Modulating lignin content might allow the quality of wood used for furniture or construction to be improved. Lignin is energy rich; increasing lignin composition could therefore be valuable in raising the energy content of wood used for fuel. Conversely, the pulp and paper industries seek wood with a reduced lignin content. Currently, lignin must be removed in a costly process that involves the use of many polluting chemicals. Consequently, lignin is a serious barrier to efficient pulp and paper production (Tzfira et al. (1998) TIBTECH 16: 439-446; Robinson (1999) Nature Biotechnology 17: 27-30). In addition to forest biotechnology applications, changing lignin content by selectively expressing or repressing transcription factors in fruits and vegetables might increase their palatability.

Transcription factors that modify stem structure, including G47, G438, G748, G988, G1488 and their equivalogs, may also be used to achieve reduction of higher-order shoot development, resulting in significant plant architecture modification. Overexpression of the genes that encode these transcription factors in woody plants might result in trees that lack side branches, and have fewer knots in the wood. Altering branching patterns could also have applications amongst ornamental and agricultural crops. For example, applications might exist in any species where secondary shoots currently have to be removed manually, or where changes in branching pattern could increase yield or facilitate more efficient harvesting.

General development and morphology: altered root development. By modifying the structure or development of roots by transforming into a plant one or more of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G225, G226, G1482, and their equivalogs, plants may be produced that have the capacity to thrive in otherwise unproductive soils. For example, grape roots extending further into rocky soils would provide greater anchorage, greater coverage with increased branching, or would remain viable in waterlogged soils, thus increasing the effective planting range of the crop and/or increasing yield and survival. It may be advantageous to manipulate a plant to produce short roots, as when a soil in which the plant will be growing is occasionally flooded, or when pathogenic fungi or disease-causing nematodes are prevalent.

General development and morphology: seed development ripening and germination rate. A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes (e.g., G979) have been shown to modify seed development and germination rate, including when the seeds are in conditions normally unfavorable for germination (e.g., cold, heat or salt stress, or in the presence of ABA), and may, along with functional equivalogs, thus be used to modify and improve germination rates under adverse conditions.

General development and morphology: cell differentiation and cell proliferation. Several of the disclosed transcription factors regulate cell proliferation and/or differentiation, including G1540 and its functional equivalogs. Control of these processes could have valuable applications in plant transformation, cell culture or micro-propagation systems, as well as in control of the proliferation of particular useful tissues or cell types. Transcription factors that induce the proliferation of undifferentiated cells can be operably linked with an inducible promoter to promote the formation of callus that can be used for transformation or production of cell suspension cultures. Transcription factors that prevent cells from differentiating, such as G1540 or its equivalogs, could be used to confer stem cell identity to cultured cells. Transcription factors that promote differentiation of shoots could be used in transformation or micro-propagation systems, where regeneration of shoots from callus is currently problematic. In addition, transcription factors that regulate the differentiation of specific tissues could be used to increase the proportion of these tissues in a plant. Genes that promote the differentiation of carpel tissue could be introduced into commercial species to induce formation of increased numbers of carpels or fruits. A particular application might exist in saffron, one of the world's most expensive spices. Saffron filaments, or threads, are actually the dried stigmas of the saffron flower, Crocus sativus Linneaus. Each flower contains only three stigmas, and more than 75,000 of these flowers are needed to produce just one pound of saffron filaments. An increase in carpel number would increase the quantity of stigmatic tissue and improve yield.

General development and morphology: cell expansion. Plant growth results from a combination of cell division and cell expansion. Transcription factors may be useful in regulation of cell expansion. Altered regulation of cell expansion could affect stem length, an important agronomic characteristic. For instance, short cultivars of wheat contributed to the Green Revolution, because plants that put fewer resources into stem elongation allocate more resources into developing seed and produce higher yield. These plants are also less vulnerable to wind and rain damage. These cultivars were found to be altered in their sensitivity to gibberellins, hormones that regulate stem elongation through control of both cell expansion and cell division. Altered cell expansion in leaves could also produce novel and ornamental plant forms.

General development and morphology: phase change and floral reversion. Transcription factors that regulate phase change can modulate the developmental programs of plants and regulate developmental plasticity of the shoot meristem. In particular, these genes might be used to manipulate seasonality and influence whether plants display an annual or perennial habit.

General development and morphology: rapid development. A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G2430, have been shown to have significant effects on plant growth rate and development. These observations have included, for example, more rapid or delayed growth and development of reproductive organs. Thus, by causing more rapid development, G2430 and its functional equivalogs would prove useful for regions with short growing seasons; other transcription factors that delay development may be useful for regions with longer growing seasons. Accelerating plant growth would also improve early yield or increase biomass at an earlier stage, when such is desirable (for example, in producing forestry products or vegetable sprouts for consumption). Transcription factors that promote faster development such as G2430 and its functional equivalogs may also be used to modify the reproductive cycle of plants.

General development and morphology: slow growth rate. A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G652 and G1335, have been shown to have significant effects on retarding plant growth rate and development. These observations have included, for example, delayed growth and development of reproductive organs. Slow growing plants may be highly desirable to ornamental horticulturists, both for providing house plants that display little change in their appearance over time, or outdoor plants for which wild-type or rapid growth is undesirable (e.g., ornamental palm trees). Slow growth may also provide for a prolonged fruiting period, thus extending the harvesting season, particularly in regions with long growing seasons. Slow growth could also provide a prolonged period in which pollen is available for improved self- or cross-fertilization, or cross-fertilization of cultivars that normally flower over non-overlapping time periods. The latter aspect may be particularly useful to plants comprising two or more distinct grafted cultivars (e.g., fruit trees) with normally non-overlapping flowering periods.

General development and morphology: senescence. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes may be used to alter senescence responses in plants. Although leaf senescence is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to recycle nutrients, the ability to control senescence in an agricultural setting has significant value. For example, a delay in leaf senescence in some maize hybrids is associated with a significant increase in yields and a delay of a few days in the senescence of soybean plants can have a large impact on yield. In an experimental setting, tobacco plants engineered to inhibit leaf senescence had a longer photosynthetic lifespan, and produced a 50% increase in dry weight and seed yield (Gan and Amasino (1995) Science 270: 1986-1988). Delayed flower senescence caused by overexpression of transcription factors may generate plants that retain their blossoms longer and this may be of potential interest to the ornamental horticulture industry, and delayed foliar and fruit senescence could improve post-harvest shelf-life of produce.

Premature senescence caused by, for example, G636, G1463, G1944 and their equivalogs may be used to improve a plant's response to disease and hasten fruit ripening.

Growth rate and development: lethality and necrosis. Overexpression of transcription factors, for example, G12, G24, G877, G1519 and their equivalogs that have a role in regulating cell death may be used to induce lethality in specific tissues or necrosis in response to pathogen attack. For example, if a transcription factor gene inducing lethality or necrosis was specifically active in gametes or reproductive organs, its expression in these tissues would lead to ablation and subsequent male or female sterility. Alternatively, under pathogen-regulated expression, a necrosis-inducing transcription factor can restrict the spread of a pathogen infection through a plant.

Plant size: large plants. Plants overexpressing G1073 and G1451, for example, have been shown to be larger than controls. For some ornamental plants, the ability to provide larger varieties with these genes or their equivalogs may be highly desirable. For many plants, including fruit-bearing trees, trees that are used for lumber production, or trees and shrubs that serve as view or wind screens, increased stature provides improved benefits in the forms of greater yield or improved screening. Crop species may also produce higher yields on larger cultivars, particularly those in which the vegetative portion of the plant is edible.

Plant size: large seedlings. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, that produce large seedlings can be used to produce crops that become established faster. Large seedlings are generally hardier, less vulnerable to stress, and better able to out-compete weed species. Seedlings transformed with presently disclosed transcription factors, including G2346 and G2838, for example, have been shown to possess larger cotyledons and were more developmentally advanced than control plants. Rapid seedling development made possible by manipulating expression of these genes or their equivalogs is likely to reduce loss due to diseases particularly prevalent at the seedling stage (e.g., damping off) and is thus important for survivability of plants germinating in the field or in controlled environments.

Plant size: dwarfed plants. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G24; G343, G353, G354, G362, G370; G1008, G1277, G1543, G1794, G1958 and their equivalogs, for example, that can be used to decrease plant stature are likely to produce plants that are more resistant to damage by wind and rain, have improved lodging resistance, or more resistant to heat or low humidity or water deficit. Dwarf plants are also of significant interest to the ornamental horticulture industry, and particularly for home garden applications for which space availability may be limited.

Plant size: fruit size and number. Introduction of presently disclosed transcription factor genes that affect fruit size will have desirable impacts on fruit size and number, which may comprise increases in yield for fruit crops, or reduced fruit yield, such as when vegetative growth is preferred (e.g., with bushy ornamentals, or where fruit is undesirable, as with ornamental olive trees).

Leaf morphology: dark leaves. Color-affecting components in leaves include chlorophylls (generally green), anthocyanins (generally red to blue) and carotenoids (generally yellow to red). Transcription factor genes that increase these pigments in leaves, including G674, G912, G1063, G1357, G1452, G1482, G1499, G1792, G1863, G1888, G2143, G2557, G2838 and their equivalogs, may positively affect a plant's value to the ornamental horticulture industry. Variegated varieties, in particular, would show improved contrast. Other uses that result from overexpression of transcription factor genes include improvements in the nutritional value of foodstuffs. For example, lutein is an important nutraceutical; lutein-rich diets have been shown to help prevent age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), the leading cause of blindness in elderly people. Consumption of dark green leafy vegetables has been shown in clinical studies to reduce the risk of ARMD.

Enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoid levels could also improve yield in crop plants. Lutein, like other xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin and violaxanthin, is an essential component in the protection of the plant against the damaging effects of excessive light. Specifically, lutein contributes, directly or indirectly, to the rapid rise of non-photochemical quenching in plants exposed to high light. Crop plants engineered to contain higher levels of lutein could therefore have improved photo-protection, leading to less oxidative damage and better growth under high light (e.g., during long summer days, or at higher altitudes or lower latitudes than those at which a non-transformed plant would survive). Additionally, elevated chlorophyll levels increases photosynthetic capacity.

Leaf morphology: changes in leaf shape. Presently disclosed transcription factors produce marked and diverse effects on leaf development and shape. The transcription factors include G211, G353, G674, G736, G1063, G1146, G1357, G1452, G1494, G1543, G1863, G2143, G2144, and their equivalogs. At early stages of growth, transgenic seedlings have developed narrow, upward pointing leaves with long petioles, possibly indicating a disruption in circadian-clock controlled processes or nyctinastic movements. Other transcription factor genes can be used to alter leaf shape in a significant manner from wild type, some of which may find use in ornamental applications.

Leaf morphology: altered leaf size. Large leaves, such as those produced in plants overexpressing G189, G1451, G2430 and their functional equivalogs, generally increase plant biomass. This provides benefit for crops where the vegetative portion of the plant is the marketable portion.

Leaf morphology: light green and variegated leaves. Transcription factor genes such as G635, G1494, G2144 and their equivalogs that provide an altered appearance may positively affect a plant's value to the ornamental horticulture industry.

Leaf morphology: glossy leaves. Transcription factor genes such as G30, G1792, G2583 and their equivalogs that induce the formation of glossy leaves generally do so by elevating levels of epidermal wax. Thus, the genes could be used to engineer changes in the composition and amount of leaf surface components, including waxes. The ability to manipulate wax composition, amount, or distribution could modify plant tolerance to drought and low humidity, or resistance to insects or pathogens. Additionally, wax may be a valuable commodity in some species, and altering its accumulation and/or composition could enhance yield.

Seed morphology: altered seed coloration. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G156, G2105, G2085 have also been used to modify seed color, which, along with the equivalogs of these genes, could provide added appeal to seeds or seed products.

Seed morphology: altered seed size and shape. The introduction of presently disclosed transcription factor genes into plants that increase (e.g., G450; G584; G1255; G2085; G2105; G2114) or decrease (e.g., G1040). the size of seeds may have a significant impact on yield and appearance, particularly when the product is the seed itself (e.g., in the case of grains, legumes, nuts, etc.). Seed size, in addition to seed coat integrity, thickness and permeability, seed water content and a number of other components including antioxidants and oligosaccharides, also affects affect seed longevity in storage, with larger seeds often being more desirable for prolonged storage.

Transcription factor genes that alter seed shape, including G1040, G1062, G1255 and their equivalogs may have both ornamental applications and improve or broaden the appeal of seed products.

Leaf biochemistry: increased leaf wax. Overexpression of transcription factors genes, including G975, G1792 and G2085 and their equivalogs, which results in increased leaf wax could be used to manipulate wax composition, amount, or distribution. These transcription factors can improve yield in those plants and crops from which wax is a valuable product. The genes may also be used to modify plant tolerance to drought and/or low humidity or resistance to insects, as well as plant appearance (glossy leaves). The effect of increased wax deposition on leaves of a plant like may improve water use efficiency. Manipulation of these genes may reduce the wax coating on sunflower seeds; this wax fouls the oil extraction system during sunflower seed processing for oil. For the latter purpose or any other where wax reduction is valuable, antisense or co-suppression of the transcription factor genes in a tissue-specific manner would be valuable.

Leaf biochemistry: leaf prenyl lipids, including tocopherol. Prenyl lipids play a role in anchoring proteins in membranes or membranous organelles. Thus modifying the prenyl lipid content of seeds and leaves could affect membrane integrity and function. One important group of prenyl lipids, the tocopherols, have both anti-oxidant and vitamin E activity. A number of presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G214, G652, G748, G987, G1543, and G2509, have been shown to modify the tocopherol composition of leaves in plants, and these genes and their equivalogs may thus be used to alter prenyl lipid content of leaves.

Leaf biochemistry: increased leaf insoluble sugars. Overexpression of a number of presently disclosed transcription factors, including G211, resulted in plants with altered leaf insoluble sugar content. This transcription factor and its equivalogs that alter plant cell wall composition have several potential applications including altering food digestibility, plant tensile strength, wood quality, pathogen resistance and in pulp production. In particular, hemicellulose is not desirable in paper pulps because of its lack of strength compared with cellulose. Thus modulating the amounts of cellulose vs. hemicellulose in the plant cell wall is desirable for the paper/lumber industry. Increasing the insoluble carbohydrate content in various fruits, vegetables, and other edible consumer products will result in enhanced fiber content. Increased fiber content would not only provide health benefits in food products, but might also increase digestibility of forage crops. In addition, the hemicellulose and pectin content of fruits and berries affects the quality of jam and catsup made from them. Changes in hemicellulose and pectin content could result in a superior consumer product.

Leaf biochemistry: increased leaf anthocyanin. Several presently disclosed transcription factor genes may be used to alter anthocyanin production in numerous plant species. Expression of presently disclosed transcription factor genes that increase flavonoid production in plants, including anthocyanins and condensed tannins, may be used to alter in pigment production for horticultural purposes, and possibly increasing stress resistance. G362, G663, G1482 and G1888 or their equivalogs, for example, could be used to alter anthocyanin production or accumulation. A number of flavonoids have been shown to have antimicrobial activity and could be used to engineer pathogen resistance. Several flavonoid compounds have health promoting effects such as inhibition of tumor growth, prevention of bone loss and prevention of the oxidation of lipids. Increased levels of condensed tannins, in forage legumes would be an important agronomic trait because they prevent pasture bloat by collapsing protein foams within the rumen. For a review on the utilities of flavonoids and their derivatives, refer to Dixon et al. (1999) Trends Plant Sci. 4: 394-400.

Leaf and seed biochemistry: altered fatty acid content. A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes have been shown to alter the fatty acid composition in plants, and seeds and leaves in particular. This modification suggests several utilities, including improving the nutritional value of seeds or whole plants. Dietary fatty acids ratios have been shown to have an effect on, for example, bone integrity and remodeling (see, for example, Weiler (2000) Pediatr. Res. 47:5 692-697). The ratio of dietary fatty acids may alter the precursor pools of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that serve as precursors for prostaglandin synthesis. In mammalian connective tissue, prostaglandins serve as important signals regulating the balance between resorption and formation in bone and cartilage. Thus dietary fatty acid ratios altered in seeds may affect the etiology and outcome of bone loss.

Transcription factors that reduce leaf fatty acids, for example, 16:3 fatty acids, may be used to control thylakoid membrane development, including proplastid to chloroplast development. The genes that encode these transcription factors might thus be useful for controlling the transition from proplastid to chromoplast in fruits and vegetables. It may also be desirable to change the expression of these genes to prevent cotyledon greening in Brassica napus or B. campestris to avoid green oil due to early frost.

A number of transcription factor genes are involved in mediating an aspect of the regulatory response to temperature. These genes may be used to alter the expression of desaturases that lead to production of 18:3 and 16:3 fatty acids, the balance of which affects membrane fluidity and mitigates damage to cell membranes and photosynthetic structures at high and low temperatures.

Seed biochemistry: modified seed oil and fatty acid content. The composition of seeds, particularly with respect to seed oil amounts and/or composition, is very important for the nutritional and caloric value and production of various food and feed products. Several of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes in seed lipid saturation that alter seed oil content could be used to improve the heat stability of oils or to improve the nutritional quality of seed oil, by, for example, reducing the number of calories in seed by decreasing oil or fatty acid content (e.g., G180; G192; G241; G1229; G1323; G1543), increasing the number of calories in animal feeds by increasing oil or fatty acid content (e.g. G162; G291; G427; G590; G598; G629, G715; G849; G1198, G1471; G1526; G1640; G1646, G1750; G1777; G1793; G1838; G1902; G1946; G1948; G2123; G2138; G2830), altering seed oil content (G504; G509; G519; G561; G567; G892; G961; G974; G1143; G1226; G1451; G1478; G1496; G1672; G1677; G1765; G2509; G2343), or altering the ratio of saturated to unsaturated lipids comprising the oils (e.g. G869; G1417; G2192).

Seed biochemistry: modified seed protein content. As with seed oils, the composition of seeds, particularly with respect to protein amounts and/or composition, is very important for the nutritional value and production of various food and feed products. A number of the presently disclosed transcription factor genes modify the protein concentrations in seeds, including G162; G226; G1323; G1419; G1818, which increase seed protein, G427; G1777; G1903; G1946, which decrease seed protein, and G162; G241; G509; G567; G597; G849; G892; G988; G1478; G1634; G1637; G1652; G1677; G1820; G1958; G2509; G2117; G2509, which alter seed protein content, would provide nutritional benefits, and may be used to prolong storage, increase seed pest or disease resistance, or modify germination rates.

Seed biochemistry: seed prenyl lipids. Prenyl lipids play a role in anchoring proteins in membranes or membranous organelles. Thus, modifying the prenyl lipid content of seeds and leaves could affect membrane integrity and function. A number of presently disclosed transcription factor genes have been shown to modify the tocopherol composition of plants. α-Tocopherol is better known as vitamin E. Tocopherols such as α- and γ-tocopherol both have anti-oxidant activity.

Seed biochemistry: seed glucosinolates. A number of glucosinolates have been shown to have anti-cancer activity; thus, increasing the levels or composition of these compounds by introducing several of the presently disclosed transcription factors, including G484 and G2340, can have a beneficial effect on human diet.

Glucosinolates are undesirable components of the oilseeds used in animal feed since they produce toxic effects. Low-glucosinolate varieties of canola, for example, have been developed to combat this problem. Glucosinolates form part of a plant's natural defense against insects. Modification of glucosinolate composition or quantity by introducing transcription factors that affect these characteristics can therefore afford increased protection from herbivores. Furthermore, in edible crops, tissue specific promoters can be used to ensure that these compounds accumulate specifically in tissues, such as the epidermis, which are not taken for consumption.

Seed biochemistry: increased seed anthocyanin. Several presently disclosed transcription factor genes may be used to alter anthocyanin production in the seeds of plants. As with leaf anthocyanins, expression of presently disclosed transcription factor genes that increase flavonoid (anthocyanins and condensed tannins) production in seeds, including G663 and its equivalogs, may be used to alter in pigment production for horticultural purposes, and possibly increasing stress resistance, antimicrobial activity and health promoting effects such as inhibition of tumor growth, prevention of bone loss and prevention of the oxidation of lipids.

Leaf and seed biochemistry: production of seed and leaf phytosterols: Presently disclosed transcription factor genes that modify levels of phytosterols in plants may have at least two utilities. First, phytosterols are an important source of precursors for the manufacture of human steroid hormones. Thus, regulation of transcription factor expression or activity could lead to elevated levels of important human steroid precursors for steroid semi-synthesis. For example, transcription factors that cause elevated levels of campesterol in leaves, or sitosterols and stigmasterols in seed crops, would be useful for this purpose. Phytosterols and their hydrogenated derivatives phytostanols also have proven cholesterol-lowering properties, and transcription factor genes that modify the expression of these compounds in plants would thus provide health benefits.

Root biochemistry: increased root anthocyanin. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including 0663, may be used to alter anthocyanin production in the root of plants. As described above for seed anthocyanins, expression of presently disclosed transcription factor genes that increase flavonoid (anthocyanins and condensed tannins) production in seeds, including G663 and its equivalogs, may be used to alter in pigment production for horticultural purposes, and possibly increasing stress resistance, antimicrobial activity and health promoting effects such as inhibition of tumor growth, prevention of bone loss and prevention of the oxidation of lipids.

Light response/shade avoidance: altered cotyledon, hypocotyl, petiole development, altered leaf orientation, constitutive photomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis in low light. Presently disclosed transcription factor genes, including G183; G354; G1322; G1331; G1488; G1494; G1794; G2144; and G2555, that modify a plant's response to light may be useful for modifying plant growth or development, for example, photomorphogenesis in poor light, or accelerating flowering time in response to various light intensities, quality or duration to which a non-transformed plant would not similarly respond. Examples of such responses that have been demonstrated include leaf number and arrangement, and early flower bud appearances. Elimination of shading responses may lead to increased planting densities with subsequent yield enhancement. As these genes may also alter plant architecture, they may find use in the ornamental horticulture industry.

Pigment: increased anthocyanin level in various plant organs and tissues. In addition to seed, leaves and roots, as mentioned above, several presently disclosed transcription factor genes can be used to alter anthocyanin levels in one or more tissues. The potential utilities of these genes include alterations in pigment production for horticultural purposes, and possibly increasing stress resistance, antimicrobial activity and health promoting effects such as inhibition of tumor growth, prevention of bone loss and prevention of the oxidation of lipids.

Miscellaneous biochemistry: diterpenes in leaves and other plant parts. Depending on the plant species, varying amounts of diverse secondary biochemicals (often lipophilic terpenes) are produced and exuded or volatilized by trichomes. These exotic secondary biochemicals, which are relatively easy to extract because they are on the surface of the leaf, have been widely used in such products as flavors and aromas, drugs, pesticides and cosmetics. Thus, the overexpression of genes that are used to produce diterpenes in plants may be accomplished by introducing transcription factor genes that induce said overexpression. One class of secondary metabolites, the diterpenes, can effect several biological systems such as tumor progression, prostaglandin synthesis and tissue inflammation. In addition, diterpenes can act as insect pheromones, termite allomones, and can exhibit neurotoxic, cytotoxic and antimitotic activities. As a result of this functional diversity, diterpenes have been the target of research several pharmaceutical ventures. In most cases where the metabolic pathways are impossible to engineer, increasing trichome density or size on leaves may be the only way to increase plant productivity.

Miscellaneous biochemistry: production of miscellaneous secondary metabolites. Microarray data suggests that flux through the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways and primary and secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways are up-regulated. Presently disclosed transcription factors have been shown to be involved in regulating alkaloid biosynthesis, in part by up-regulating the enzymes indole-3-glycerol phosphatase and strictosidine synthase. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase and trans-cinnamate mono-oxygenase are also induced, and are involved in phenylpropenoid biosynthesis.

Antisense and Co-Suppression

In addition to expression of the nucleic acids of the invention as gene replacement or plant phenotype modification nucleic acids, the nucleic acids are also useful for sense and anti-sense suppression of expression, e.g., to down-regulate expression of a nucleic acid of the invention, e.g., as a further mechanism for modulating plant phenotype. That is, the nucleic acids of the invention, or subsequences or anti-sense sequences thereof, can be used to block expression of naturally occurring homologous nucleic acids. A variety of sense and anti-sense technologies are known in the art, e.g., as set forth in Lichtenstein and Nellen (1997) Antisense Technology: A Practical Approach IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. Antisense regulation is also described in Crowley et al. (1985) Cell 43: 633-641; Rosenberg et al. (1985) Nature 313: 703-706; Preiss et al. (1985) Nature 313: 27-32; Melton (1985) Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. 82: 144-148; Izant and Weintraub (1985) Science 229: 345-352; and Kim and Wold (1985) Cell 42: 129-138. Additional methods for antisense regulation are known in the art. Antisense regulation has been used to reduce or inhibit expression of plant genes in, for example in European Patent Publication No. 271988. Antisense RNA may be used to reduce gene expression to produce a visible or biochemical phenotypic change in a plant (Smith et al. (1988) Nature, 334: 724-726; Smith et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 14: 369-379). In general, sense or anti-sense sequences are introduced into a cell, where they are optionally amplified, e.g., by transcription. Such sequences include both simple oligonucleotide sequences and catalytic sequences such as ribozymes.

For example, a reduction or elimination of expression (i.e., a “knock-out”) of a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog polypeptide in a transgenic plant, e.g., to modify a plant trait, can be obtained by introducing an antisense construct corresponding to the polypeptide of interest as a cDNA. For antisense suppression, the transcription factor or homolog cDNA is arranged in reverse orientation (with respect to the coding sequence) relative to the promoter sequence in the expression vector. The introduced sequence need not be the full length cDNA or gene, and need not be identical to the cDNA or gene found in the plant type to be transformed. Typically, the antisense sequence need only be capable of hybridizing to the target gene or RNA of interest. Thus, where the introduced sequence is of shorter length, a higher degree of homology to the endogenous transcription factor sequence will be needed for effective antisense suppression. While antisense sequences of various lengths can be utilized, preferably, the introduced antisense sequence in the vector will be at least 30 nucleotides in length, and improved antisense suppression will typically be observed as the length of the antisense sequence increases. Preferably, the length of the antisense sequence in the vector will be greater than 100 nucleotides. Transcription of an antisense construct as described results in the production of RNA molecules that are the reverse complement of mRNA molecules transcribed from the endogenous transcription factor gene in the plant cell.

Suppression of endogenous transcription factor gene expression can also be achieved using a ribozyme. Ribozymes are RNA molecules that possess highly specific endoribonuclease activity. The production and use of ribozymes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,508. Synthetic ribozyme sequences including antisense RNAs can be used to confer RNA cleaving activity on the antisense RNA, such that endogenous mRNA molecules that hybridize to the antisense RNA are cleaved, which in turn leads to an enhanced antisense inhibition of endogenous gene expression.

Vectors in which RNA encoded by a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog cDNA is over-expressed can also be used to obtain co-suppression of a corresponding endogenous gene, e.g., in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020 to Jorgensen. Such co-suppression (also termed sense suppression) does not require that the entire transcription factor cDNA be introduced into the plant cells, nor does it require that the introduced sequence be exactly identical to the endogenous transcription factor gene of interest. However, as with antisense suppression, the suppressive efficiency will be enhanced as specificity of hybridization is increased, e.g., as the introduced sequence is lengthened, and/or as the sequence similarity between the introduced sequence and the endogenous transcription factor gene is increased.

Vectors expressing an untranslatable form of the transcription factor mRNA, e.g., sequences comprising one or more stop codon, or nonsense mutation) can also be used to suppress expression of an endogenous transcription factor, thereby reducing or eliminating its activity and modifying one or more traits. Methods for producing such constructs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,021. Preferably, such constructs are made by introducing a premature stop codon into the transcription factor gene. Alternatively, a plant trait can be modified by gene silencing using double-strand RNA (Sharp (1999) Genes and Development 13: 139-141). Another method for abolishing the expression of a gene is by insertion mutagenesis using the T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. After generating the insertion mutants, the mutants can be screened to identify those containing the insertion in a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog gene. Plants containing a single transgene insertion event at the desired gene can be crossed to generate homozygous plants for the mutation. Such methods are well known to those of skill in the art (See for example Koncz et al. (1992) Methods in Arabidopsis Research, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., River Edge, N.J.).

Alternatively, a plant phenotype can be altered by eliminating an endogenous gene, such as a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog, e.g., by homologous recombination Kempin et al. (1997) Nature 389: 802-803).

A plant trait can also be modified by using the Cre-lox system (for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,772). A plant genome can be modified to include first and second lox sites that are then contacted with a Cre recombinase. If the lox sites are in the same orientation, the intervening DNA sequence between the two sites is excised. If the lox sites are in the opposite orientation, the intervening sequence is inverted.

The polynucleotides and polypeptides of this invention can also be expressed in a plant in the absence of an expression cassette by manipulating the activity or expression level of the endogenous gene by other means, such as, for example, by ectopically expressing a gene by T-DNA activation tagging (Ichikawa et al. (1997) Nature 390 698-701; Kakimoto et al. (1996) Science 274: 982-985). This method entails transforming a plant with a gene tag containing multiple transcriptional enhancers and once the tag has inserted into the genome, expression of a flanking gene coding sequence becomes deregulated. In another example, the transcriptional machinery in a plant can be modified so as to increase transcription levels of a polynucleotide of the invention (See, e.g., PCT Publications WO 96/06166 and WO 98/53057 which describe the modification of the DNA-binding specificity of zinc finger proteins by changing particular amino acids in the DNA-binding motif).

The transgenic plant can also include the machinery necessary for expressing or altering the activity of a polypeptide encoded by an endogenous gene, for example, by altering the phosphorylation state of the polypeptide to maintain it in an activated state.

Transgenic plants (or plant cells, or plant explants, or plant tissues) incorporating the polynucleotides of the invention and/or expressing the polypeptides of the invention can be produced by a variety of well established techniques as described above. Following construction of a vector, most typically an expression cassette, including a polynucleotide, e.g., encoding a transcription factor or transcription factor homolog, of the invention, standard techniques can be used to introduce the polynucleotide into a plant, a plant cell, a plant explant or a plant tissue of interest. Optionally, the plant cell, explant or tissue can be regenerated to produce a transgenic plant.

The plant can be any higher plant, including gymnosperms, monocotyledonous and dicotyledenous plants. Suitable protocols are available for Leguminosae (alfalfa, soybean, clover, etc.), Umbelliferae (carrot, celery, parsnip), Cruciferae (cabbage, radish, rapeseed, broccoli, etc.), Curcurbitaceae (melons and cucumber), Gramineae (wheat, corn, rice, barley, millet, etc.), Solanaceae (potato, tomato, tobacco, peppers, etc.), and various other crops. See protocols described in Ammirato et al., Eds., (1984) Handbook of Plant Cell Culture—Crop Species, Macmillan Publ. Co., New York, N.Y.; Shimamoto et al. (1989) Nature 338: 274-276; Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839; and Vasil et al. (1990) Bio/Technol. 8: 429-434.

Transformation and regeneration of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cells are now routine, and the selection of the most appropriate transformation technique will be determined by the practitioner. The choice of method will vary with the type of plant to be transformed; those skilled in the art will recognize the suitability of particular methods for given plant types. Suitable methods can include, but are not limited to: electroporation of plant protoplasts; liposome-mediated transformation; polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated transformation; transformation using viruses; micro-injection of plant cells; micro-projectile bombardment of plant cells; vacuum infiltration; and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Transformation means introducing a nucleotide sequence into a plant in a manner to cause stable or transient expression of the sequence.

Successful examples of the modification of plant characteristics by transformation with cloned sequences which serve to illustrate the current knowledge in this field of technology, and which are herein incorporated by reference, include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,706; 5,677,175; 5,510,471; 5,750,386; 5,597,945; 5,589,615; 5,750,871; 5,268,526; 5,780,708; 5,538,880; 5,773,269; 5,736,369 and 5,610,042.

Following transformation, plants are preferably selected using a dominant selectable marker incorporated into the transformation vector. Typically, such a marker will confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance on the transformed plants, and selection of transformants can be accomplished by exposing the plants to appropriate concentrations of the antibiotic or herbicide.

After transformed plants are selected and grown to maturity, those plants showing a modified trait are identified. The modified trait can be any of those traits described above. Additionally, to confirm that the modified trait is due to changes in expression levels or activity of the polypeptide or polynucleotide of the invention can be determined by analyzing mRNA expression using Northern blots, RT-PCR or microarrays, or protein expression using immunoblots or Western blots or gel shift assays.

Integrated Systems—Sequence Identity

Additionally, the present invention may be an integrated system, computer or computer readable medium that comprises an instruction set for determining the identity of one or more sequences in a database. In addition, the instruction set can be used to generate or identify sequences that meet any specified criteria. Furthermore, the instruction set may be used to associate or link certain functional benefits, such improved characteristics, with one or more identified sequence.

For example, the instruction set can include, e.g., a sequence comparison or other alignment program, e.g., an available program such as, for example, the Wisconsin Package Version 10.0, such as BLAST, FASTA, PILEUP, FINDPATTERNS or the like (GCG, Madison, Wis.). Public sequence databases such as GenBank, EMBL, Swiss-Prot and PIR or private sequence databases such as PHYTOSEQ sequence database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, Calif.) can be searched.

Alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482-489, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 2444-2448, by computerized implementations of these algorithms. After alignment, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides or polypeptides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two sequences over a comparison window to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. The comparison window can be a segment of at least about 20 contiguous positions, usually about 50 to about 200, more usually about 100 to about 150 contiguous positions. A description of the method is provided in Ausubel et al. supra.

A variety of methods for determining sequence relationships can be used, including manual alignment and computer assisted sequence alignment and analysis. This later approach is a preferred approach in the present invention, due to the increased throughput afforded by computer assisted methods. As noted above, a variety of computer programs for performing sequence alignment are available, or can be produced by one of skill.

One example algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available, e.g., through the National Library of Medicine's National Center for Biotechnology Information (ncbi.nlm.nih; see at world wide web (www) National Institutes of Health US government (gov) website). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al. supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff and Henikoff (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 10915-10919). Unless otherwise indicated, “sequence identity” here refers to the % sequence identity generated from a tblastx using the NCBI version of the algorithm at the default settings using gapped alignments with the filter “off” (see, for example, NIH NLM NCBI website at ncbi.nlm.nih, supra).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g. Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 5873-5787). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence (and, therefore, in this context, homologous) if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.1, or less than about 0.01, and or even less than about 0.001. An additional example of a useful sequence alignment algorithm is PILEUP. PILEUP creates a multiple sequence alignment from a group of related sequences using progressive, pairwise alignments. The program can align, e.g., up to 300 sequences of a maximum length of 5,000 letters.

The integrated system, or computer typically includes a user input interface allowing a user to selectively view one or more sequence records corresponding to the one or more character strings, as well as an instruction set which aligns the one or more character strings with each other or with an additional character string to identify one or more region of sequence similarity. The system may include a link of one or more character strings with a particular phenotype or gene function. Typically, the system includes a user readable output element that displays an alignment produced by the alignment instruction set.

The methods of this invention can be implemented in a localized or distributed computing environment. In a distributed environment, the methods may implemented on a single computer comprising multiple processors or on a multiplicity of computers. The computers can be linked, e.g. through a common bus, but more preferably the computer(s) are nodes on a network. The network can be a generalized or a dedicated local or wide-area network and, in certain preferred embodiments, the computers may be components of an intra-net or an internet.

Thus, the invention provides methods for identifying a sequence similar or homologous to one or more polynucleotides as noted herein, or one or more target polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides, or otherwise noted herein and may include linking or associating a given plant phenotype or gene function with a sequence. In the methods, a sequence database is provided (locally or across an inter or intra net) and a query is made against the sequence database using the relevant sequences herein and associated plant phenotypes or gene functions.

Any sequence herein can be entered into the database, before or after querying the database. This provides for both expansion of the database and, if done before the querying step, for insertion of control sequences into the database. The control sequences can be detected by the query to ensure the general integrity of both the database and the query. As noted, the query can be performed using a web browser based interface. For example, the database can be a centralized public database such as those noted herein, and the querying can be done from a remote terminal or computer across an internet or intranet.

Any sequence herein can be used to identify a similar, homologous, paralogous, or orthologous sequence in another plant. This provides means for identifying endogenous sequences in other plants that may be useful to alter a trait of progeny plants, which results from crossing two plants of different strain.

For example, sequences that encode an ortholog of any of the sequences herein that naturally occur in a plant with a desired trait can be identified using the sequences disclosed herein. The plant is then crossed with a second plant of the same species but which does not have the desired trait to produce progeny which can then be used in further crossing experiments to produce the desired trait in the second plant. Therefore the resulting progeny plant contains no transgenes; expression of the endogenous sequence may also be regulated by treatment with a particular chemical or other means, such as EMR. Some examples of such compounds well known in the art include: ethylene; cytokinins; phenolic compounds, which stimulate the transcription of the genes needed for infection; specific monosaccharides and acidic environments which potentiate vir gene induction; acidic polysaccharides which induce one or more chromosomal genes; and opines; other mechanisms include light or dark treatment (for a review of examples of such treatments, see, Winans (1992) Microbiol. Rev. 56: 12-31; Eyal et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 19: 589-599; Chrispeels et al. (2000) Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 279-290; Piazza et al. (2002) Plant Physiol. 128: 1077-1086).

Table 10 lists sequences discovered to be orthologous to a number of representative transcription factors of the present invention. The column headings include the transcription factors listed by SEQ ID NO; corresponding Gene ID (GID) numbers; the species from which the orthologs to the transcription factors are derived; the type of sequence (i.e., DNA or protein) discovered to be orthologous to the transcription factors; and the SEQ ID NO of the orthologs, the latter corresponding to the ortholog SEQ ID NOs listed in the Sequence Listing. TABLE 10 Orthologs of Representative Arabidopsis Transcription Factor Genes SEQ ID NO: of Nucleotide SEQ ID NO: Sequence type Encoding of Ortholog or used for GID NO of Orthologous Nucleotide determination Orthologous Arabidopsis Encoding Ortholog Species from Which (DNA or Arabidopsis Transcription Ortholog GID NO Ortholog is Derived Protein) Transcription Factor Factor 468 Glycine max DNA G19  3 469 Glycine max DNA G19  3 470 Glycine max DNA G19  3 471 Glycine max DNA G19  3 472 Oryza sativa DNA G19  3 473 Oryza sativa DNA G19  3 474 Oryza sativa DNA G19  3 475 Zea mays DNA G19  3 476 Zea mays DNA G19  3 477 Glycine max DNA G22  5 478 Glycine max DNA G22  5 491 Glycine max DNA G28  9 492 Glycine max DNA G28  9 493 Glycine max DNA G28  9 494 Glycine max DNA G28  9 495 Glycine max DNA G28  9 496 Glycine max DNA G28  9 497 Glycine max DNA G28  9 498 Glycine max DNA G28  9 499 Oryza sativa DNA G28  9 500 Zea mays DNA G28  9 501 Oryza sativa PRT G28  9 502 Oryza sativa PRT G28  9 503 Mesembryanthemum PRT G28  9 crystallinum 504 G3643 Glycine max DNA G47, G2133 11, 407 505 Oryza sativa PRT G47, G2133 11, 407 550 G3450 Glycine max DNA G226, G682 37, 147 551 Glycine max DNA G226, G682  37 552 Glycine max DNA G226, G682 37, 147 553 G3448 Glycine max DNA G226, G682 37, 147 554 G3449 Glycine max DNA G226, G682 37, 147 555 Oryza sativa DNA G226, G682 37, 147 556 G3431 Zea mays DNA G226, G682 37, 147 557 Zea mays DNA G226, G682 37, 147 558 Oryza sativa PRT G226, G682 37, 147 559 G3393 Oryza sativa PRT G226, G682 37, 147 610 Glycine max DNA G353, G354 59, 61 611 Glycine max DNA G353, G354 59, 61 612 Glycine max DNA G353, G354 59, 61 613 Oryza sativa DNA G353, G354 59, 61 614 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 615 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 616 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 617 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 618 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 619 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 620 Zea mays DNA G353, G354 59, 61 621 Oryza sativa PRT G353, G354 59, 61 622 Oryza sativa PRT G353, G354 59, 61 623 Oryza sativa PRT G353, G354 59, 61 624 Oryza sativa PRT G353, G354 59, 61 625 Oryza sativa PRT G353, G354 59, 61 626 Oryza sativa PRT G353, G354 59, 61 746 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 747 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 748 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 749 G3476 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 750 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 751 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 752 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 753 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 754 Glycine max DNA G481, G482  87 755 Glycine max DNA G481, G482  87 756 Oryza sativa DNA G481, G482  87 757 Oryza sativa DNA G481, G482 87, 89 758 Zea mays DNA G481, G482  87 759 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 760 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 761 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 762 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 763 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 764 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 765 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 766 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 767 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 768 Gossypium DNA G481, G482 87, 89 arboreum 769 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 770 Gossypium hirsutum DNA G481, G482 87, 89 771 Lycopersicon DNA G481, G482 87, 89 esculentum 772 Lycopersicon DNA G481, G482 87, 89 esculentum 773 Medicago DNA G481, G482 87, 89 truncatula 774 Lycopersicon DNA G481, G482 87, 89 esculentum 775 Solanum tuberosum DNA G481, G482 87, 89 776 Triticum aestivum DNA G481, G482 87, 89 777 Hordeum vulgare DNA G481, G482 87, 89 778 Triticum DNA G481, G482 87, 89 monococcum 779 Glycine max DNA G481, G482  89 780 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 781 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 782 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 783 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 784 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 785 Zea mays PRT G481, G482 87, 89 786 Zea mays PRT G481, G482 87, 89 787 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 788 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 789 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 790 G3395 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 791 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 792 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 793 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 794 G3397 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 795 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 796 G3398 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 797 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 798 G3476 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 799 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 800 G3475 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 801 G3472 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 802 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 803 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 804 Zea mays PRT G481, G482 87, 89 805 G3436 Zea mays PRT G481, G482 87, 89 806 G3434 Zea mays PRT G481, G482 87, 89 807 Zea mays PRT G481, G482 87, 89 825 Glycine max DNA G489  93 826 Glycine max DNA G489  93 827 Glycine max DNA G489  93 828 Glycine max DNA G489  93 829 Glycine max DNA G489  93 830 Glycine max DNA G489  93 831 Glycine max DNA G489  93 832 Oryza sativa DNA G489  93 833 Oryza sativa DNA G489  93 834 Zea mays DNA G489  93 835 Oryza sativa PRT G489  93 836 Oryza sativa PRT G489  93 837 Oryza sativa PRT G489  93 981 Oryza sativa DNA G634 127 982 Oryza sativa DNA G634 127 983 Oryza sativa DNA G634 127 984 Zea mays DNA G634 127 985 Zea mays DNA G634 127 986 Zea mays DNA G634 127 987 Oryza sativa PRT G634 127 988 Oryza sativa PRT G634 127 1076 G3450 Glycine max DNA G682 147 1077 Hordeum vulgare DNA G682 147 subsp. vulgare 1078 Populus tremula x Populus DNA G682 147 tremuloides 1079 Triticum aestivum DNA G682 147 1080 Gossypium DNA G682 147 arboreum 1081 Oryza sativa PRT G682 147 1082 G3392 Oryza sativa PRT G682 147 1083 G3445 Glycine max PRT G682 147 1084 G3450 Glycine max PRT G682 147 1085 Glycine max PRT G682 147 1086 G3446 Glycine max PRT G682 147 1087 G3448 Glycine max PRT G682 147 1088 G3449 Glycine max PRT G682 147 1089 G3431 Zea mays PRT G682 147 1090 Zea mays PRT G682 147 1154 Glycine max DNA G864 167 1155 Glycine max DNA G864 167 1156 Zea mays DNA G864 167 1157 Oryza sativa PRT G864 167 1158 Oryza sativa PRT G864 167 1159 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1160 G3451 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1161 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1162 G3452 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1163 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1164 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169 1165 Oryza sativa DNA G867, G1930 169 1166 Oryza sativa DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1167 Zea mays DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1168 Zea mays DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1169 Zea mays DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1170 Zea mays DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1171 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1172 Mesembryanthemum DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 crystallinum 1173 Lycopersicon DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 esculentum 1174 Solanum tuberosum DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1175 Hordeum vulgare DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 1176 G3388 Oryza sativa PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1177 G3389 Oryza sativa PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1178 Oryza sativa PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1179 G3390 Oryza sativa PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1180 Oryza sativa PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1181 Oryza sativa PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1182 G3451 Glycine max PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1183 G3452 Glycine max PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1184 G3453 Glycine max PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1185 G3433 Zea mays PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1186 Zea mays PRT G867, G1930 169, 369 1204 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1205 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1206 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1207 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1208 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1209 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1210 Glycine max DNA G912 185 1211 Oryza sativa DNA G912 185 1212 Oryza sativa DNA G912, G913 185, 187 1213 G3440 Zea mays DNA G912 185 1214 Zea mays DNA G912 185 1215 Zea mays DNA G912, G913 185, 187 1216 Zea mays DNA G912 185 1217 Zea mays DNA G912 185 1218 Brassica napus DNA G912, G913 185, 187 1219 Solanum tuberosum DNA G912 185 1220 Descurainia sophia DNA G912 185 1221 G3377 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1222 G3373 Oryza sativa PRT G912, G913 185, 187 1223 G3375 Oryza sativa PRT G912, G913 185, 187 1224 G3372 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1225 Brassica napus PRT G912 185 1226 Nicotiana tabacum PRT G912 185 1227 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1228 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1229 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1230 G3379 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1231 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1232 G3376 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1233 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1234 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1235 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1236 Oryza sativa PRT G912 185 1237 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1238 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1239 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1240 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1241 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1242 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1243 Glycine max PRT G912 185 1244 Zea mays PRT G912 185 1245 Zea mays PRT G912 185 1246 G3440 Zea mays PRT G912 185 1247 Zea mays PRT G912 185 1248 Zea mays PRT G912 185 1249 Glycine max DNA G922 189 1250 G3811 Glycine max DNA G922 189 1251 Glycine max DNA G922 189 1252 Oryza sativa DNA G922 189 1253 Oryza sativa DNA G922 189 1254 Oryza sativa PRT G922 189 1255 Oryza sativa PRT G922 189 1256 Oryza sativa PRT G922 189 1257 G3813 Oryza sativa PRT G922 189 1258 Glycine max DNA G926 191 1259 Glycine max DNA G926 191 1260 Oryza sativa DNA G926 191 1261 Oryza sativa DNA G926 191 1262 Zea mays DNA G926 191 1263 Brassica napus PRT G926 191 1292 Glycine max DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1293 Glycine max DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1294 Glycine max DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1295 Glycine max DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1296 Glycine max DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1297 Oryza sativa DNA G975 199 1298 Oryza sativa DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1299 Zea mays DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1300 Zea mays DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1301 Brassica rapa DNA G975, G2583 199, 449 1302 Oryza sativa PRT G975, G2583 199, 449 1393 Glycine max DNA G1069, G2153 221, 417 1394 Glycine max DNA G1069, G2153 221, 417 1395 Oryza sativa PRT G1069, G1073, 221, 223, 417 G2153 1396 Zea mays DNA G1069, G2153 221, 417 1397 Lotus japonicus DNA G1069, G2153 221, 417 1398 Lycopersicon DNA G1073 223 esculentum 1399 G3399 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1400 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1401 G3400 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1402 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1403 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1404 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1405 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1406 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1407 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1408 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1409 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1410 Oryza sativa PRT G1073 223 1411 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1412 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1413 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1414 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1415 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1416 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1417 Glycine max PRT G1073 223 1418 Zea mays PRT G1073 223 1419 Glycine max DNA G1075 225 1420 Glycine max DNA G1075 225 1421 Glycine max DNA G1075 225 1422 Glycine max DNA G1075 225 1423 Glycine max DNA G1075 225 1424 Oryza sativa DNA G1075 225 1425 Oryza sativa DNA G1075 225 1426 Oryza sativa DNA G1075 225 1587 Glycine max DNA G1411, G2509 269, 439 1588 Glycine max DNA G1411, G2509 269, 439 1589 Glycine max DNA G1411, G2509 269, 439 1590 Glycine max DNA G1411, G2509 269, 439 1591 Zea mays DNA G1411, G2509 269, 439 1604 Glycine max DNA G1451 277 1605 Glycine max DNA G1451 277 1606 Oryza sativa DNA G1451 277 1607 Oryza sativa DNA G1451 277 1608 Oryza sativa DNA G1451 277 1609 Zea mays DNA G1451 277 1610 Zea mays DNA G1451 277 1611 Zea mays DNA G1451 277 1612 Zea mays DNA G1451 277 1613 Medicago DNA G1451 277 truncatula 1614 Solanum tuberosum DNA G1451 277 1615 Zea mays DNA G1451 277 1616 Sorghum DNA G1451 277 propinquum 1617 Glycine max DNA G1451 277 1618 Sorghum bicolor DNA G1451 277 1619 Hordeum vulgare DNA G1451 277 1620 Lycopersicon DNA G1451 277 esculentum 1621 Oryza sativa PRT G1451 277 1622 Oryza sativa PRT G1451 277 1623 Oryza sativa PRT G1451 277 1624 Oryza sativa PRT G1451 277 1671 Glycine max DNA G1543 303 1672 Oryza sativa DNA G1543 303 1673 Zea mays DNA G1543 303 1674 Oryza sativa PRT G1543 303 1728 Glycine max DNA G1792 331 1729 Glycine max DNA G1792 331 1730 Glycine max DNA G1792 331 1731 Glycine max DNA G1792 331 1732 Glycine max DNA G1792 331 1733 Zea mays DNA G1792 331 1734 Lycopersicon DNA G1792 331 esculentum 1735 G3380 Oryza sativa PRT G1792 331 1736 G3381 Oryza sativa indica PRT G1792 331 1737 G3383 Oryza sativa PRT G1792 331 japonica 1795 Oryza sativa DNA G1930 369 1908 Medicago DNA G2155 419 truncatula 1909 Medicago DNA G2155 419 truncatula 1910 Glycine max DNA G2155 419 2907 G3472 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2908 G3475 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2909 G3476 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2910 G3395 Oryza sativa DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2911 G3397 Oryza sativa DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2912 G3398 Oryza sativa DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2913 G3434 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2914 G3436 Zea mays DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2915 G3445 Glycine max DNA G682 147 2916 G3446 Glycine max DNA G682 147 2917 G3448 Glycine max DNA G682 147 2918 G3449 Glycine max DNA G682 147 2919 G3450 Glycine max DNA G682 147 2920 G3392 Oryza sativa DNA G682 147 2921 G3393 Oryza sativa DNA G226, G682 37, 147 2922 G3431 Zea mays DNA G682 147 2923 G3451 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2924 G3452 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2925 G3453 Glycine max DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2926 G3388 Oryza sativa DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2927 G3389 Oryza sativa DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2928 G3390 Oryza sativa DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2929 G3433 Zea mays DNA G867, G1930 169, 369 2930 G3376 Oryza sativa DNA G912 185 2931 G3372 Oryza sativa DNA G912 185 2932 G3373 Oryza sativa DNA G912, G913 185, 187 2933 G3375 Oryza sativa DNA G912, G913 185, 187 2934 G3377 Oryza sativa DNA G912 185 2935 G3379 Oryza sativa DNA G912 185 2936 G3440 Zea mays DNA G912 185 2937 G3399 Oryza sativa DNA G1073 223 2938 G3400 Oryza sativa DNA G1073 223 2939 G3380 Oryza sativa DNA G1792 331 2940 G3381 Oryza sativa indica DNA G1792 331 2941 G3383 Oryza sativa DNA G1792 331 japonica 2942 G3643 Glycine max PRT G47, G2133 11, 407 2943 G3811 Glycine max PRT G922 189 2944 G3813 Oryza sativa DNA G922 189 2945 G3429 Oryza sativa DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2946 G3429 Oryza sativa PRT G481, G482 87, 89 2947 G3470 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2948 G3470 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89 2949 G3471 Glycine max DNA G481, G482 87, 89 2950 G3471 Glycine max PRT G481, G482 87, 89

Table 11 lists a summary of homologous sequences identified using BLAST (tblastx program). The first column shows the polynucleotide sequence identifier (SEQ ID NO), the second column shows the corresponding cDNA identifier (Gene ID), the third column shows the orthologous or homologous polynucleotide GenBank Accession Number (Test Sequence ID), the fourth column shows the calculated probability value that the sequence identity is due to chance (Smallest Sum Probability), the fifth column shows the plant species from which the test sequence was isolated (Test Sequence Species), and the sixth column shows the orthologous or homologous test sequence GenBank annotation (Test Sequence GenBank Annotation). TABLE 11 Summary of representative sequences that are homologous to presently disclosed transcription factors SEQ Smallest ID Test Sequence Sum Test Sequence Test Sequence GenBank NO: GID ID Probability Species Annotation 3 G19 BG321358 1.00E−101 Descurainia sophia Ds01_07d03_R Ds01_AAFC_ECORC_cold_stress 3 G19 BH444831 1.00E−77 Brassica oleracea BOHPW42TR BOHP Brassica oleracea genomic 3 G19 BM412184 2.00E−43 Lycopersicon EST586511 tomato breaker esculentum fruit Lyco 3 G19 BU837697 3.00E−43 Populus tremula x Populus T104G02 Populus apica tremuloides 3 G19 CA784650 6.00E−43 Glycine max sat87a10.y1 Gm-c1062 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 3 G19 BU819833 3.00E−41 Populus tremula UA48BPB07 Populus tremula cambium cDNA libr 3 G19 BU870388 4.00E−41 Populus balsamifera Q011H05 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 3 G19 CA797119 1.00E−38 Theobroma cacao Cac_BL_4204 Cac_BL (Bean and Leaf from Amel 3 G19 BI436183 2.00E−38 Solanum tuberosum EST538944 cSTE Solanum tuberosum cDNA clo 3 G19 BQ989448 2.00E−36 Lactuca sativa QGF17L05.yg.ab1 QG_EFGHJ lettuce serriola La 3 G19 gi10798644 5.70E−36 Nicotiana tabacum AP2 domain-containing transcription fac 3 G19 gi6176534 2.40E−35 Oryza sativa EREBP-like protein. 3 G19 gi1688233 7.50E−34 Solanum tuberosum DNA binding protein homolog. 3 G19 gi22074046 1.50E−33 Lycopersicon transcription factor JERF1. esculentum 3 G19 gi18496063 4.90E−33 Fagus sylvatica ethylene responsive element binding prote 3 G19 gi20805105 2.10E−32 Oryza sativa contains ESTs AU06 (japonica cultivar- group) 3 G19 gi24940524 2.30E−31 Triticum aestivum ethylene response element binding prote 3 G19 gi18266198 2.30E−31 Narcissus AP-2 domain containing pseudonarcissus protein. 3 G19 gi3264767 1.30E−30 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 3 G19 gi24817250 4.00E−28 Cicer arietinum transcription factor EREBP- like protein. 5 G22 AB016264 9.00E−48 Nicotiana sylvestris nserf2 gene for ethylene- responsive el 5 G22 TOBBY4A 1.00E−47 Nicotiana tabacum mRNA for ERF1, complete cds. 5 G22 AP004533 4.00E−47 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 3, clone: LjT14G02, 5 G22 LEU89255 6.00E−47 Lycopersicon DNA-binding protein Pti4 esculentum mRNA, comp 5 G22 BQ517082 6.00E−46 Solanum tuberosum EST624497 Generation of a set of potato c 5 G22 BE449392 1.00E−45 Lycopersicon EST356151 L. hirsutum hirsutum trichome, Corne 5 G22 AF245119 5.00E−45 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription fac crystallinum 5 G22 BQ165291 7.00E−45 Medicago truncatula EST611160 KVKC Medicago truncatula cDNA 5 G22 AW618245 8.00E−38 Lycopersicon EST314295 L. pennellii pennellii trichome, Cor 5 G22 BG444654 2.00E−36 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ea0025B11f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 5 G22 gi1208495 6.10E−48 Nicotiana tabacum ERF1. 5 G22 gi3342211 3.30E−47 Lycopersicon Pti4. esculentum 5 G22 gi8809571 8.90E−47 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 5 G22 gi17385636 2.70E−36 Matricaria ethylene-responsive element chamomilla binding 5 G22 gi8980313 2.50E−33 Catharanthus roseus AP2-domain DNA-binding protein. 5 G22 gi7528276 8.60E−33 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 5 G22 gi21304712 3.10E−28 Glycine max ethylene-responsive element binding protein 1 5 G22 gi14140141 1.50E−26 Oryza sativa putative AP2-related transcription factor. 5 G22 gi15623863 1.30E−22 Oryza sativa contains EST˜hypot (japonica cultivar- group) 5 G22 gi4099914 3.10E−21 Stylosanthes hamata ethylene-responsive element binding p 9 G28 AF245119 2.00E−72 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription fac crystallinum 9 G28 BQ165291 1.00E−68 Medicago truncatula EST611160 KVKC Medicago truncatula cDNA 9 G28 AB016264 1.00E−57 Nicotiana sylvestris nserf2 gene for ethylene- responsive el 9 G28 TOBBY4D 2.00E−57 Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco mRNA for EREBP- 2, complete cds. 9 G28 BQ047502 2.00E−57 Solanum tuberosum EST596620 P. infestans- challenged potato 9 G28 LEU89255 2.00E−56 Lycopersicon DNA-binding protein Pti4 esculentum mRNA, comp 9 G28 BH454277 2.00E−54 Brassica oleracea BOGSI45TR BOGS Brassica oleracea genomic 9 G28 BE449392 1.00E−53 Lycopersicon EST356151 L. hirsutum hirsutum trichome, Corne 9 G28 AB035270 2.00E−50 Matricaria McEREBP1 mRNA for chamomilla ethylene-responsive 9 G28 AW233956 5.00E−50 Glycine max sf32e02.y1 Gm-c1028 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 9 G28 gi7528276 6.10E−71 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 9 G28 gi8809571 3.30E−56 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 9 G28 gi3342211 4.20E−56 Lycopersicon Pti4. esculentum 9 G28 gi1208498 8.70E−56 Nicotiana tabacum EREBP-2. 9 G28 gi14140141 4.20E−49 Oryza sativa putative AP2-related transcription factor. 9 G28 gi17385636 3.00E−46 Matricaria ethylene-responsive element chamomilla binding 9 G28 gi21304712 2.90E−31 Glycine max ethylene-responsive element binding protein 1 9 G28 gi15623863 5.60E−29 Oryza sativa contains EST˜hypot (japonica cultivar- group) 9 G28 gi8980313 1.20E−26 Catharanthus roseus AP2-domain DNA-binding protein. 9 G28 gi4099921 3.10E−21 Stylosanthes hamata EREBP-3 homolog. 11 G47 BG543936 1.00E−60 Brassica rapa subsp. E1686 Chinese cabbage etiol pekinensis 11 G47 BH420519 3.00E−43 Brassica oleracea BOGUH88TF BOGU Brassica oleracea genomic 11 G47 AU292603 3.00E−30 Zinnia elegans AU292603 zinnia cultured mesophyll cell equa 11 G47 BE320193 1.00E−24 Medicago truncatula NF024B04RT1F1029 Developing root Medica 11 G47 AAAA01000718 1.00E−22 Oryza sativa (indica ( ) scaffold000718 cultivar-group) 11 G47 AP003379 2.00E−22 Oryza sativa chromosome 1 clone P0408G07, *** SEQUENCING IN 11 G47 AC124836 8.00E−21 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 5 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 11 G47 BZ403609 2.00E−20 Zea mays OGABN17TM ZM_0.7_1.5_KB Zea mays genomic clone ZMM 11 G47 BM112772 6.00E−17 Solanum tuberosum EST560308 potato roots Solanum tuberosum 11 G47 BQ698717 1.00E−16 Pinus taeda NXPV_148_C06_F NXPV (Nsf Xylem Planings wood Ve 11 G47 gi20161239 6.90E−24 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 11 G47 gi14140155 6.80E−17 Oryza sativa putative AP2 domain transcription factor. 11 G47 gi21908034 7.00E−15 Zea mays DRE binding factor 2. 11 G47 gi20303011 1.90E−14 Brassica napus CBF-like protein CBF5. 11 G47 gi8571476 3.00E−14 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 11 G47 gi8980313 2.10E−13 Catharanthus roseus AP2-domain DNA-binding protein. 11 G47 gi19071243 4.40E−13 Hordeum vulgare CRT/DRE binding factor 1. 11 G47 gi18650662 5.60E−13 Lycopersicon ethylene response factor 1. esculentum 11 G47 gi17385636 1.20E−12 Matricaria ethylene-responsive element chamomilla binding 11 G47 gi1208498 1.50E−12 Nicotiana tabacunm EREBP-2. 37 G226 BU872107 2.00E−21 Populus balsamifera Q039C07 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 37 G226 BU831849 2.00E−21 Populus tremula x Populus T026E01 Populus apica tremuloides 37 G226 BM437313 9.00E−21 Vitis vinifera VVA017F06_54121 An expressed sequence tag da 37 G226 BI699876 1.00E−19 Glycine max sag49b09.y1 Gm-c1081 Glycine max cDNA clone GEN 37 G226 AL750151 4.00E−16 Pinus pinaster AL750151 AS Pinus pinaster cDNA clone AS06C1 37 G226 CA744013 2.00E−12 Triticum aestivum wri1s.pk006.m22 wri1s Triticum aestivum c 37 G226 BH961028 3.00E−12 Brassica oleracea odj30d06.g1 B.oleracea002 Brassica olerac 37 G226 BJ472717 8.00E−12 Hordeum vulgare BJ472717 K. Sato subsp. vulgare unpublished 37 G226 BF617445 8.00E−12 Hordeum vulgare HVSMEc0017G08f Hordeum vulgare seedling sho 37 G226 CA762299 2.00E−11 Oryza sativa (indica BR060003B10F03.abl IRR cultivar-group) 37 G226 gi9954118 2.20E−11 Solanum tuberosum tuber-specific and sucrose- responsive e 37 G226 gi14269333 2.50E−10 Gossypium raimondii myb-like transcription factor Myb 3. 37 G226 gi14269335 2.50E−10 Gossypium myb-like transcription factor herbaceum Myb 3. 37 G226 gi14269337 2.50E−10 Gossypium hirsutum myb-like transcription factor Myb 3. 37 G226 gi23476297 2.50E−10 Gossypioides kirkii myb-like transcription factor 3. 37 G226 gi15082210 8.50E−10 Fragaria x ananassa transcription factor MYB1. 37 G226 gi19072770 8.50E−10 Oryza sativa typical P-type R2R3 Myb protein. 37 G226 gi15042108 1.40E−09 Zea mays subsp. CI protein. parviglumis 37 G226 gi15042124 1.40E−09 Zea luxurians CI protein. 37 G226 gi20514371 1.40E−09 Cucumis sativus werewolf. 59 G353 BQ790831 5.00E−68 Brassica rapa subsp. E4675 Chinese cabbage etiol pekinensis 59 G353 BZ019752 1.00E−67 Brassica oleracea oed85c06.g1 B.oleracea002 Brassica olerac 59 G353 L46574 6.00E−40 Brassica rapa BNAF1975 Mustard flower buds Brassica rapa cD 59 G353 AB006601 7.00E−26 Petunia x hybrida mRNA for ZPT2-14, complete cds. 59 G353 BM437146 2.00E−25 Vitis vinifera VVA015A06_53787 An expressed sequence tag da 59 G353 BI422808 1.00E−24 Lycopersicon EST533474 tomato callus, esculentum TAMU Lycop 59 G353 BU867080 1.00E−24 Populus tremula x Populus S074B01 Populus imbib tremuloides 59 G353 BM527789 3.00E−23 Glycine max sal65h07.y1 Gm-c1061 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 59 G353 BQ980246 5.00E−23 Lactuca sativa QGE10I12.yg.abl QG_EFGHJ lettuce serriola La 59 G353 BQ121106 2.00E−22 Solanum tuberosum EST606682 mixed potato tissues Solanum tu 59 G353 gi2346976 6.50E−28 Petunia x hybrida ZPT2-13. 59 G353 gi15623820 4.40E−25 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein. 59 G353 gi21104613 1.40E−18 Oryza sativa contains ESTs AU07 (japonica cultivar- group) 59 G353 gi485814 3.10E−13 Triticum aestivum WZF1. 59 G353 gi7228329 4.00E−12 Medicago sativa putative TFIIIA (or kruppel)- like zinc fi 59 G353 gi1763063 1.70E−11 Glycine max SCOF-1. 59 G353 gi2981169 2.60E−11 Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-induced zinc- finger prot 59 G353 gi4666360 1.10E−10 Datisca glomerata zinc-finger protein 1. 59 G353 gi2129892 2.30E−08 Pisum sativum probable finger protein Pszf1 - garden pea. 59 G353 gi2058504 0.00018 Brassica rapa zinc-finger protein-1. 61 G354 BZ083260 5.00E−49 Brassica oleracea lle29f02.g1 B.oleracea002 Brassica olerac 61 G354 BQ790831 8.00E−45 Brassica rapa subsp. E4675 Chinese cabbage etiol pekinensis 61 G354 AB006600 6.00E−27 Petunia x hybrida mRNA for ZPT2-13, complete cds. 61 G354 L46574 1.00E−26 Brassica rapa BNAF1975 Mustard flower buds Brassica rapa cD 61 G354 BM437146 3.00E−24 Vitis vinifera VVA015A06_53787 An expressed sequence tag da 61 G354 BQ121105 6.00E−24 Solanum tuberosum EST606681 mixed potato tissues Solanum tu 61 G354 BM527789 2.00E−23 Glycine max sal65h07.y1 Gm-c10611 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 61 G354 AI898309 2.00E−23 Lycopersicon EST267752 tomato ovary, esculentum TAMU Lycope 61 G354 BU867080 5.00E−22 Populus tremula x Populus S074B01 Populus imbib tremuloides 61 G354 BQ980246 1.00E−21 Lactuca sativa QGE10I12.yg.abl QG_EFGHJ lettuce serriola La 61 G354 gi2346976 5.60E−29 Petunia x hybrida ZPT2-13. 61 G354 gi15623820 1.90E−22 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein. 61 G354 gi21104613 4.00E−19 Oryza sativa contains ESTs AU07 (japonica cultivar- group) 61 G354 gi2981169 1.80E−17 Nicotiana tabacum osmotic stress-induced zinc- finger prot 61 G354 gi1763063 4.10E−16 Glycine max SCOF-1. 61 G354 gi4666360 8.90E−15 Datisca glomerata zinc-finger protein 1. 61 G354 gi2058504 1.00E−14 Brassica rapa zinc-finger protein-1. 61 G354 gi7228329 4.90E−14 Medicago sativa putative TFIIIA (or kruppel)- like zinc fi 61 G354 gi485814 3.20E−13 Triticum aestivum WZF1. 61 G354 gi2129892 1.20E−06 Pisum sativum probable finger protein Pszf1 - garden pea. 87 G481 BU238020 9.00E−71 Descurainia sophia Ds01_14a12_A Ds01_AAFC_ECORC_cold_stress 87 G481 BG440251 2.00E−56 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ea0006K20f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 87 G481 BF071234 1.00E−54 Glycine max st06h05.y1 Gm-c1065 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 87 G481 BQ799965 2.00E−54 Vitis vinifera EST 2134 Green Grape berries Lambda Zap II L 87 G481 BQ488908 5.00E−53 Beta vulgaris 95-E9134-006-006-M23-T3 Sugar beet MPIZ-ADIS- 87 G481 BU499457 1.00E−52 Zea mays 946175D02.y1 946 - tassel primordium prepared by S 87 G481 AI728916 2.00E−52 Gossypium hirsutum BNLGHi12022 Six-day Cotton fiber Gossypi 87 G481 BG642751 3.00E−52 Lycopersicon EST510945 tomato esculentum shoot/meristem Lyc 87 G481 BQ857127 3.00E−51 Lactuca sativa QGB6K24.yg.abl QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lact 87 G481 BE413647 6.00E−51 Triticum aestivum SCU001.E10.R990714 ITEC SCU Wheat Endospe 87 G481 gi115840 1.90E−51 Zea mays CCAAT-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SUBUNIT A (CB 87 G481 gi20160792 2.60E−47 Oryza sativa putative CAAT-box (japonica cultivar- group) 87 G481 gi15408794 7.10E−38 Oryza sativa putative CCAAT-binding transcription factor 89 G482 BQ505706 7.00E−59 Solanum tuberosum EST613121 Generation of a set of potato c 89 G482 AC122165 6.00E−57 Medicago truncatula clone mth2-32m22, WORKING DRAFT SEQUENC 89 G482 BQ104671 2.00E−55 Rosa hybrid cultivar fc0546.e Rose Petals (Fragrant Cloud) 89 G482 BI469382 4.00E−55 Glycine max sai11b10.y1 Gm-c1053 Glycine max cDNA clone GEN 89 G482 AAAA01003638 1.00E−54 Oryza sativa (indica ( ) scaffold003638 cultivar-group) 89 G482 AP005193 1.00E−54 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 7 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 89 G482 BU880488 1.00E−53 Populus balsamifera UM49TG09 Populus flo subsp. trichocarpa 89 G482 BJ248969 2.00E−53 Triticum aestivum BJ248969 Y. Ogihara unpublished cDNA libr 89 G482 AC120529 4.00E−53 Oryza sativa chromosome 3 clone OSJNBa0039N21, *** SEQUENCI 89 G482 BU896236 7.00E−53 Populus tremula x Populus X037F04 Populus wood tremuloides 89 G482 gi115840 1.40E−46 Zea mays CCAAT-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SUBUNIT A (CB 89 G482 gi20160792 2.30E−41 Oryza sativa putative CAAT-box (japonica cultivar- group) 93 G489 BH679015 1.00E−111 Brassica oleracea BOHXO96TF BO_2_3_KB Brassica oleracea gen 93 G489 AC136503 1.00E−75 Medicago truncatula clone mth2-15n1, WORKING DRAFT SEQUENCE 93 G489 BQ118033 8.00E−73 Solanum tuberosum EST603609 mixed potato tissues Solanum tu 93 G489 BU873518 4.00E−68 Populus balsamifera Q056D09 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 93 G489 BI934205 2.00E−67 Lycopersicon EST554094 tomato flower, esculentum anthesis L 93 G489 BQ797616 1.00E−66 Vitis vinifera EST 6554 Ripening Grape berries Lambda Zap I 93 G489 BM064398 4.00E−63 Capsicum annuum KS01066E11 KS01 Capsicum annuum cDNA, mRNA 93 G489 BU927107 4.00E−60 Glycine max sas95f12.y1 Gm-c1036 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 93 G489 BQ993879 6.00E−59 Lactuca sativa QGF5L12.yg.ab1 QG_EFGHJ lettuce serriola Lac 93 G489 AP004113 1.00E−58 Oryza sativa chromosome 2 clone OJ1116_A06, *** SEQUENCING 93 G489 gi5257260 6.20E−46 Oryza sativa Similar to sequence of BAC F7G19 from Arabid 93 G489 gi20804442 6.60E−19 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 93 G489 gi18481626 3.90E−09 Zea mays repressor protein. 93 G489 gi1808688 0.051 Sporobolus stapfianus hypothetical protein. 93 G489 gi8096192 0.21 Lilium longiflorum gH2A.1. 93 G489 gi2130105 0.25 Triticum aestivum histone H2A.4 - wheat. 93 G489 gi297871 0.27 Picea abies histone H2A. 93 G489 gi297887 0.31 Daucus carota glycine rich protein. 93 G489 gi15214035 0.75 Cicer arietinum HISTONE H2A. 93 G489 gi2317760 0.75 Pinus taeda H2A homolog. 127 G634 OSGT2 2.00E−47 Oryza sativa O. sativa gt-2 gene. 127 G634 BU049946 1.00E−46 Zea mays 1111017E09.y1 1111 - Unigene III from Maize Genome 127 G634 AF372499 6.00E−38 Glycine max GT-2 factor mRNA, partial cds. 127 G634 AB052729 4.00E−37 Pisum sativum mRNA for DNA-binding protein DF1, complete cd 127 G634 BU889446 4.00E−36 Populus tremula P021A05 Populus petioles cDNA library Popul 127 G634 BH436958 2.00E−35 Brassica oleracea BOHBE67TF BOHB Brassica oleracea genomic 127 G634 AI777252 3.00E−35 Lycopersicon EST258217 tomato resistant, esculentum Cornell 127 G634 AW686754 1.00E−33 Medicago truncatula NF042C08NR1F1000 Nodulated root Medicag 127 G634 AV410715 4.00E−33 Lotus japonicus AV410715 Lotus japonicus young plants (two- 127 G634 AI730933 8.00E−30 Gossypium hirsutum BNLGHi8208 Six-day Cotton fiber Gossypiu 127 G634 gi13786451 3.20E−78 Oryza sativa putative transcription factor. 127 G634 gi13646986 3.50E−66 Pisum sativum DNA-binding protein DF1. 127 G634 gi18182311 2.70E−38 Glycine max GT-2 factor. 127 G634 gi20161567 8.90E−11 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 127 G634 gi170271 4.70E−08 Nicotiana tabacum DNA-binding protein. 127 G634 gi18349 0.0027 Daucus carota glycine rich protein (AA 1-96). 127 G634 gi21388658 0.027 Physcomitrella patens glycine-rich RNA binding protein. 127 G634 gi21322752 0.052 Triticum aestivum cold shock protein-1. 127 G634 gi3126963 0.057 Elaeagnus umbellata acidic chitinase. 127 G634 gi1166450 0.087 Lycopersicon Tfm5. esculentum 147 G682 BU831849 8.00E−25 Populus tremula x Populus T026E01 Populus apica tremuloides 147 G682 BU872107 8.00E−25 Populus balsamifera Q039C07 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 147 G682 BM437313 1.00E−20 Vitis vinifera VVA017F06_54121 An expressed sequence tag da 147 G682 BI699876 4.00E−19 Glycine max sag49b09.y1 Gm-c1081 Glycine max cDNA clone GEN 147 G682 BH961028 1.00E−16 Brassica oleracea odj30d06.g1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 147 G682 AL750151 2.00E−14 Pinus pinaster AL750151 AS Pinus pinaster cDNA clone AS06C1 147 G682 BJ476463 1.00E−13 Hordeum vulgare BJ476463 K. Sato subsp. vulgare unpublished 147 G682 AJ485557 1.00E−13 Hordeum vulgare AJ485557 S00011 Hordeum vulgare cDNA clone 147 G682 CA762299 2.00E−13 Oryza sativa ( indica BR060003B10F03.ab1 IRR cultivar-group) 147 G682 CA736777 2.00E−12 Triticum aestivum wpi1s.pk008.n12 wpi1s Triticum aestivum c 147 G682 gi23476287 8.30E−12 Gossypium hirsutum myb-like transcription factor 2. 147 G682 gi23476291 8.30E−12 Gossypium raimondii myb-like transcription factor 2. 147 G682 gi23476293 8.30E−12 Gossypium myb-like transcription factor herbaceum 2. 147 G682 gi23476295 8.30E−12 Gossypioides kirkii myb-like transcription factor 2. 147 G682 gi15042120 2.20E−11 Zea luxurians CI protein. 147 G682 gi19548449 2.20E−11 Zea mays P-type R2R3 Myb protein. 147 G682 gi9954118 2.80E−11 Solanum tuberosum tuber-specific and sucrose- responsive e 147 G682 gi15042108 4.60E−11 Zea mays subsp. CI protein. parviglumis 147 G682 gi15082210 1.50E−10 Fragaria x ananassa transcription factor MYB1. 147 G682 gi22266669 1.50E−10 Vitis labrusca x Vitis myb-related transcription vinifera 167 G864 BH472654 1.00E−105 Brassica oleracea BOHPF07TF BOHP Brassica oleracea genomic 167 G864 AP004902 2.00E−44 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 2, clone: LjT04G24, 167 G864 BM886518 5.00E−40 Glycine max sam17f08.y1 Gm-c1068 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 167 G864 AW685524 5.00E−39 Medicago truncatula NF031C12NR1F1000 Nodulated root Medicag 167 G864 AP001800 6.00E−36 Oryza sativa genomic DNA, chromosome 1, PAC clone: P0443E05. 167 G864 LEU89257 6.00E−32 Lycopersicon DNA-binding protein Pti6 esculentum mRNA, comp 167 G864 AAAA01000263 7.00E−31 Oryza sativa (indica ( ) scaffold000263 cultivar-group) 167 G864 BQ873772 8.00E−30 Lactuca sativa QGI2I03.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lact 167 G864 AF058827 7.00E−29 Nicotiana tabacum TSI1 (Tsi1) mRNA, complete cds. 167 G864 BZ419846 3.00E−25 Zea mays if61a07.b1 WGS-ZmaysF (DH5a methyl filtered) Zea m 167 G864 gi8096469 1.60E−38 Oryza sativa Similar to Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 4 167 G864 gi2213785 1.00E−34 Lycopersicon Pti6. esculentum 167 G864 gi23617235 3.70E−25 Oryza sativa contains ESTs AU16 (japonica cultivar- group) 167 G864 gi3065895 7.60E−25 Nicotiana tabacum TSI1. 167 G864 gi3264767 1.90E−21 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 167 G864 gi8571476 4.30E−21 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 167 G864 gi17385636 2.80E−20 Matricaria ethylene-responsive element chamomilla binding 167 G864 gi8809571 4.50E−20 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 167 G864 gi7528276 5.70E−20 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 167 G864 gi21908036 9.30E−20 Zea mays DRE binding factor 1. 169 G867 BQ971511 2.00E−94 Helianthus annuus QHB7E05.yg.ab1 QH_ABCDI sunflower RHA801 169 G867 AP003450 6.00E−85 Oryza sativa chromosome 1 clone P0034C09, *** SEQUENCING IN 169 G867 AC135925 1.00E−80 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 5 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 169 G867 AAAA01000997 1.00E−79 Oryza sativa (indica ( ) scaffold000997 cultivar-group) 169 G867 BQ405698 2.00E−77 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ed0085H02f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 169 G867 BZ015521 4.00E−69 Brassica oleracea oeg86a05.g1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 169 G867 BF520598 2.00E−66 Medicago truncatula EST458071 DSIL Medicago truncatula cDNA 169 G867 BU994579 4.00E−64 Hordeum vulgare HM07I08r HM Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 169 G867 BF424857 2.00E−62 Glycine max su59h03.y1 Gm-c1069 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 169 G867 BU871082 1.00E−61 Populus balsamifera Q026F06 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 169 G867 gi18565433 2.40E−85 Oryza sativa DNA-binding protei (japonica cultivar- group) 169 G867 gi12328560 2.90E−73 Oryza sativa putative DNA binding protein RAV2. 169 G867 gi10798644 7.30E−13 Nicotiana tabacum AP2 domain-containing transcription fac 169 G867 gi18266198 2.50E−10 Narcissus AP-2 domain containing pseudonarcissus protein. 169 G867 gi20340233 2.50E−10 Thellungiella ethylene responsive element halophila bindi 169 G867 gi22074046 1.50E−09 Lycopersicon transcription factor JERF1. esculentum 169 G867 gi3264767 6.90E−09 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 169 G867 gi18496063 7.10E−09 Fagus sylvatica ethylene responsive element binding prote 169 G867 gi13173164 8.30E−09 Pisum sativum APETAL2-like protein. 169 G867 gi1730475 8.70E−09 Hordeum vulgare viviparous-1. 185 G912 BH498662 2.00E−93 Brassica oleracea BOGTO66TR BOGT Brassica oleracea genomic 185 G912 AF084185 2.00E−75 Brassica napus dehydration responsive element binding prote 185 G912 AF211531 1.00E−59 Nicotiana tabacum Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited protein 111B 185 G912 AY034473 1.00E−55 Lycopersicon putative transcriptional esculentum activator 185 G912 BG321601 4.00E−53 Descurainia sophia Ds01_01h03_R Ds01_AAFC_ECORC_cold_stress 185 G912 AB080965 9.00E−53 Prunus avium DREB1-like gene for dehydratiion responsive el 185 G912 BG590659 4.00E−51 Solanum tuberosum EST498501 P. infestans- challenged leaf So 185 G912 BG644969 1.00E−50 Medicago truncatula EST506588 KV3 Medicago truncatula cDNA 185 G912 BU016783 2.00E−49 Helianthus annuus QHE14A02.yg.ab1 QH_EFGHJ sunflower RHA280 185 G912 BU871514 1.00E−47 Populus balsamifera Q031D09 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 185 G912 gi5616086 5.90E−73 Brassica napus dehydration responsive element binding pro 185 G912 gi12003384 5.20E−58 Nicotiana tabacum Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited protein 111B 185 G912 gi23495458 3.90E−53 Prunus avium dehydratiion responsive element binding prot 185 G912 gi18535580 2.00E−49 Lycopersicon putative transcriptional esculentum activato 185 G912 gi19071243 1.30E−45 Hordeum vulgare CRT/DRE binding factor 1. 185 G912 gi24474328 8.20E−44 Oryza sativa apetala2 domain-co (japonica cultivar- group) 185 G912 gi6983877 9.00E−38 Oryza sativa Similar to mRNA for DREB1A (AB007787). 185 G912 gi17148651 3.90E−35 Secale cereale CBF-like protein. 185 G912 gi20152903 1.40E−32 Hordeum vulgare CRT/DRE binding factor 2. subsp. vulgare 185 G912 gi17226801 2.10E−31 Triticum aestivum putative CRT/DRE-binding factor. 187 G913 AI352878 4.00E−87 Brassica napus MB72-11D PZ204.BNlib Brassica napus cDNA clo 187 G913 BH536782 1.00E−59 Brassica oleracea BOGCX29TR BOGC Brassica oleracea genomic 187 G913 AW033835 2.00E−46 Lycopersicon EST277406 tomato callus, esculentum TAMU Lycop 187 G913 BQ411166 1.00E−43 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ed0037B05f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 187 G913 BQ165313 5.00E−43 Medicago truncatula EST611182 KVKC Medicago truncatula cDNA 187 G913 AP006060 5.00E−43 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 2 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 187 G913 AAAA01000810 2.00E−42 Oryza sativa (indica ( ) scaffold000810 cultivar-group) 187 G913 OSJN00128 2.00E−38 Oryza sativa chromosome 4 clone OSJNBA0088I22, *** SEQUENC 187 G913 BQ976989 3.00E−31 Helianthus annuus QHI23I22.yg.ab1 QH_ABCDI sunflower RHA801 187 G913 BQ592028 6.00E−30 Beta vulgaris E012695-024-021-K17-SP6 MPIZ-ADIS-024-develop 187 G913 gi14140155 1.60E−32 Oryza sativa putative AP2 domain transcription factor. 187 G913 gi12003382 1.40E−30 Nicotiana tabacum Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited protein 111A 187 G913 gi20303570 1.40E−30 Oryza sativa putative transcrip (japonica cultivar- group) 187 G913 gi18535580 3.80E−30 Lycopersicon putative transcriptional esculentum activato 187 G913 gi23495460 4.40E−29 Prunus avium dehydration responsive element binding prote 187 G913 gi5616086 6.50E−28 Brassica napus dehydration responsive element binding pro 187 G913 gi21908034 1.40E−25 Zea mays DRE binding factor 2. 187 G913 gi19071243 1.20E−21 Hordeum vulgare CRT/DRE binding factor 1. 187 G913 gi17148649 2.30E−17 Secale cereale CBF-like protein. 187 G913 gi8571476 2.30E−17 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 189 G922 AP004485 1.0e−999 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 2, clone: LjT08D14, 189 G922 AP003259 1.00E−130 Oryza sativa chromosome 1 clone P0466H10, *** SEQUENCING IN 189 G922 AAAA01000374 1.00E−130 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000374 cultivar-group) 189 G922 BH493536 1.00E−121 Brassica oleracea BOGXB10TR BOGX Brassica oleracea genomic 189 G922 CNS08CCP 1.00E−92 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 12 cl (japonica cultivar- group) 189 G922 BG643567 6.00E−82 Lycopersicon EST511761 tomato esculentum shoot/meristem Lyc 189 G922 BQ124898 2.00E−81 Medicago truncatula EST610474 GLSD Medicago truncatula cDNA 189 G922 BU764181 2.00E−71 Glycine max sas53f07.y1 Gm-c1023 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 189 G922 BG595716 3.00E−62 Solanum tuberosum EST494394 cSTS Solanum tuberosum cDNA clo 189 G922 AF378125 6.00E−55 Vitis vinifera GAI-like protein 1 (GAI1) gene, complete cds 189 G922 gi22830925 6.30E−127 Oryza sativa putative gibberell (japonica cultivar- group) 189 G922 gi13365610 3.00E−57 Pisum sativum SCARECROW. 189 G922 gi13170126 5.20E−55 Brassica napus unnamed protein product. 189 G922 gi10178637 6.30E−51 Zea mays SCARECROW. 189 G922 gi13937306 2.30E−50 Oryza sativa gibberellin-insensitive protein OsGAI. 189 G922 gi18254373 9.20E−50 Hordeum vulgare nuclear transcription factor SLN1. 189 G922 gi5640157 2.60E−49 Triticum aestivum gibberellin response modulator. 189 G922 gi20257451 3.10E−49 Calycadenia GIA/RGA-like gibberellin multiglandulosa resp 189 G922 gi13620224 1.30E−46 Lycopersicon lateral suppressor. esculentum 189 G922 gi13620166 2.20E−41 Capsella rubella hypothetical protein. 191 G926 BU573158 1.00E−56 Prunus dulcis PA_Ea0003A12f Almond developing seed Prunus 191 G926 BI310587 2.00E−55 Medicago truncatula EST5312337 GESD Medicago truncatula cDN 191 G926 BQ624240 1.00E−47 Citrus sinensis USDA-FP_01331 Ridge pineapple sweet orange 191 G926 BH443554 3.00E−44 Brassica oleracea BOHGN12TR BOHG Brassica oleracea genomic 191 G926 BNU33884 2.00E−39 Brassica napus clone bncbf-b1 CCAAT- binding factor B subuni 191 G926 BF113081 8.00E−38 Lycopersicon EST440591 tomato breaker esculentum fruit Lyco 191 G926 BG886494 2.00E−36 Solanum tuberosum EST512345 cSTD Solanum tuberosum cDNA clo 191 G926 AW472517 3.00E−36 Glycine max si26c12.y1 Gm-r1030 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 191 G926 BQ407583 6.00E−36 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ed0108F07f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 191 G926 BG343051 7.00E−34 Hordeum vulgare HVSMEg0001N16f Hordeum vulgare pre- anthesis 191 G926 gi1173616 9.70E−41 Brassica napus CCAAT-binding factor B subunit homolog. 191 G926 gi2826786 1.10E−27 Oryza sativa RAPB protein. 191 G926 gi7141243 5.80E−27 Vitis riparia transcription factor. 191 G926 gi4731314 4.00E−19 Nicotiana tabacum CCAAT-binding transcription factor subu 191 G926 gi2104675 0.0061 Vicia faba transcription factor. 191 G926 gi21667471 0.64 Hordeum vulgare CONSTANS-like protein. 191 G926 gi13775107 0.67 Phaseolus vulgaris bZIP transcription factor 2. 191 G926 gi1096930 0.69 Solanum tuberosum H ATPase inhibitor. 191 G926 gi24413952 0.72 Oryza sativa putative iron supe (japonica cultivar- group) 191 G926 gi1839593 0.78 Zea mays heat shock protein 70 homolog {clone CHEM 3} [Ze 199 G975 BH477624 1.00E−69 Brassica oleracea BOGNB10TF BOGN Brassica oleracea genomic 199 G975 CA486875 3.00E−64 Triticum aestivum WHE4337_A02_A03ZS Wheat meiotic anther cD 199 G975 BI978981 2.00E−60 Rosa chinensis zD09 Old Blush petal SMART library Rosa chin 199 G975 AP004869 9.00E−60 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 2 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 199 G975 BU978490 1.00E−58 Hordeum vulgare HA13G05r HA Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 199 G975 BG642554 8.00E−57 Lycopersicon EST356031 tomato flower esculentum buds, anthe 199 G975 BI958226 2.00E−54 Hordeum vulgare HVSMEn0013P17f Hordeum vulgare rachis EST 1 199 G975 BQ104740 1.00E−52 Rosa hybrid cultivar fc0212.e Rose Petals (Fragrant Cloud) 199 G975 AW705973 3.00E−51 Glycine max sk64c02.y1 Gm-c1016 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 199 G975 AP003615 1.00E−47 Oryza sativa chromosome 6 clone P0486H12, *** SEQUENCING IN 199 G975 gi18650662 1.80E−25 Lycopersicon ethylene response factor 1. esculentum 199 G975 gi131754 2.10E−22 Lupinus polyphyllus PPLZ02 PROTEIN. 199 G975 gi3065895 9.20E−20 Nicotiana tabacum TSI1. 199 G975 gi8571476 9.30E−20 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 199 G975 gi19920190 1.90E−19 Oryza sativa Putative AP2 domai (japonica cultivar- group) 199 G975 gi21908036 8.40E−19 Zea mays DRE binding factor 1. 199 G975 gi4099914 1.10E−18 Stylosanthes hamata ethylene-responsive element binding p 199 G975 gi10567106 1.60E−18 Oryza sativa osERF3. 199 G975 gi8809573 9.60E−18 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 199 G975 gi7528276 1.20E−17 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 221 G1069 BZ025139 1.00E−111 Brassica oleracea oeh63d12.g1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 221 G1069 AP004971 1.00E−93 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 5, clone: LjT45G21, 221 G1069 AP004020 2.00E−79 Oryza sativa chromosome 2 clone OJ1119_A01, *** SEQUENCING 221 G1069 AAAA01017331 2.00E−70 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold017331 cultivar-group) 221 G1069 BQ165495 2.00E−62 Medicago truncatula EST611364 KVKC Medicago truncatula cDNA 221 G1069 AC135209 2.00E−61 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 3 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 221 G1069 AW621455 4.00E−59 Lycopersicon EST312253 tomato root esculentum during/after 221 G1069 BM110212 4.00E−58 Solanum tuberosum EST557748 potato roots Solanum tuberosum 221 G1069 BQ785950 7.00E−58 Glycine max saq61f09.y1 Gm-c1076 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 221 G1069 BQ863249 1.00E−57 Lactuca sativa QGC23G02.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lac 221 G1069 gi24059979 2.10E−38 Oryza sativa similar to DNA-bin (japonica cultivar- group) 221 G1069 gi15528814 4.50E−36 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein˜similar to Arabidopsis 221 G1069 gi4165183 7.60E−25 Antirrhinum majus SAP1 protein. 221 G1069 gi2213534 1.20E−19 Pisum sativum DNA-binding PD1-like protein. 221 G1069 gi2459999 1 Chlamydomonas tubulin Uni3. reinhardtii 221 G1069 gi100872 1 Zea mays MFS18 protein - maize. 221 G1069 gi1362165 1 Hordeum vulgare hypothetical protein 2 (clone ES1A) - bar 223 G1073 AAAA01000486 4.00E−74 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000486 cultivar-group) 223 G1073 AP004165 4.00E−74 Oryza sativa chromosome 2 clone OJ1479_B12, *** SEQUENCING 223 G1073 AP005477 2.00E−67 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 6 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 223 G1073 BZ412041 3.00E−65 Zea mays OGACG56TC ZM_0.7_1.5_KB Zea mays genomic clone ZMM 223 G1073 AJ502190 3.00E−64 Medicago truncatula AJ502190 MTAMP Medicago truncatula cDNA 223 G1073 BQ865858 4.00E−63 Lactuca sativa QGC6B08.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lact 223 G1073 BH975957 5.00E−63 Brassica oleracea odh67e11.g1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 223 G1073 BG134451 8.00E−62 Lycopersicon EST467343 tomato crown esculentum gall Lycoper 223 G1073 AP004971 3.00E−60 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 5, clone: LjT45G21, 223 G1073 BM110212 7.00E−58 Solanum tuberosum EST557748 potato roots Solanum tuberosum 223 G1073 gi15528814 5.50E−38 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein˜similar to Arabidopsis 223 G1073 gi24059979 1.30E−29 Oryza sativa similar to DNA-bin (japonica cultivar- group) 223 G1073 gi2213536 1.20E−21 Pisum sativum DNA-binding protein PD1. 223 G1073 gi4165183 5.70E−20 Antirrhinum majus SAP1 protein. 223 G1073 gi1166450 0.00059 Lycopersicon Tfm5. esculentum 223 G1073 gi11545668 0.0051 Chlamydomonas CIA5. reinhardtii 223 G1073 gi4755087 0.0054 Zea mays aluminum-induced protein; Al-induced protein. 223 G1073 gi395147 0.0068 Nicotiana tabacum glycine-rich protein. 223 G1073 gi21068672 0.017 Cicer arietinum putative glicine-rich protein. 223 G1073 gi1346181 0.017 Sinapis alba GLYCINE-RICH RNA- BINDING PROTEIN GRP2A. 225 G1075 BH596283 1.00E−108 Brassica oleracea BOGBL42TR BOGB Brassica oleracea genomic 225 G1075 BQ165495 5.00E−88 Medicago truncatula EST611364 KVKC Medicago truncatula cDNA 225 G1075 AAAA01003389 3.00E−84 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold003389 cultivar-group) 225 G1075 OSJN00182 3.00E−84 Oryza sativa chromosome 4 clone OSJNBa0086O06, *** SEQUENC 225 G1075 BZ412041 1.00E−76 Zea mays OGACG56TC ZM_0.7_1.5_KB Zea mays genomic clone ZMM 225 G1075 AP005653 1.00E−68 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 2 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 225 G1075 BQ863249 3.00E−65 Lactuca sativa QGC23G02.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lac 225 G1075 BM110212 2.00E−63 Solanum tuberosum EST557748 potato roots Solanum tuberosum 225 G1075 BQ838600 8.00E−63 Triticum aestivum WHE2912_D12_H24ZS Wheat aluminum-stressed 225 G1075 AP004971 4.00E−62 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 5, clone: LjT45G21, 225 G1075 gi15528814 3.80E−39 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein˜similar to Arabidopsis 225 G1075 gi24059979 6.60E−35 Oryza sativa similar to DNA-bin (japonica cultivar- group) 225 G1075 gi4165183 7.30E−20 Antirrhinum majus SAP1 protein. 225 G1075 gi2213534 2.50E−19 Pisum sativum DNA-binding PD1-like protein. 225 G1075 gi3810890 3.70E−05 Cucumis sativus glycine-rich protein-2. 225 G1075 gi7489009 0.0001 Lycopersicon glycine-rich protein (clone esculentum w10-1 225 G1075 gi4115615 0.0018 Zea mays root cap-specific glycine-rich protein. 225 G1075 gi1628463 0.004 Silene latifolia Men-4. 225 G1075 gi395147 0.005 Nicotiana tabacum glycine-rich protein. 225 G1075 gi121631 0.0056 Nicotiana sylvestris GLYCINE- RICH CELL WALL STRUCTURAL PR 269 G1411 BZ017225 3.00E−51 Brassica oleracea oei67e03.b1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 269 G1411 BQ138607 8.00E−44 Medicago truncatula NF005C01PH1F1004 Phoma-infected Medicag 269 G1411 BQ786702 5.00E−36 Glycine max saq72b07.y1 Gm-c1076 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 269 G1411 BM062508 7.00E−32 Capsicum annuum KS01043F09 KS01 Capsicum annuum cDNA, mRNA 269 G1411 AAAA01000832 2.00E−30 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000832 cultivar-group) 269 G1411 OSJN00240 2.00E−30 Oryza sativa genomic DNA, chromosome 4, BAC clone: OSJNBa0 269 G1411 BE419451 2.00E−29 Triticum aestivum WWS012.C2R000101 ITEC WWS Wheat Scutellum 269 G1411 CA014817 6.00E−29 Hordeum vulgare HT12H01r HT Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 269 G1411 BE642320 1.00E−28 Ceratopteris richardii Cri2_5_L17_SP6 Ceratopteris Spore Li 269 G1411 BE494041 2.00E−27 Secale cereale WHE1277_B09_D17ZS Secale cereale anther cDNA 269 G1411 gi20160854 1.40E−29 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 269 G1411 gi14140141 1.50E−24 Oryza sativa putative AP2-related transcription factor. 269 G1411 gi3342211 1.40E−23 Lycopersicon Pti4. esculentum 269 G1411 gi10798644 2.30E−23 Nicotiana tabacum AP2 domain-containing transcription fac 269 G1411 gi8809571 2.30E−23 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 269 G1411 gi24817250 3.00E−23 Cicer arietinum transcription factor EREBP- like protein. 269 G1411 gi3264767 3.00E−23 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 269 G1411 gi1688233 3.80E−23 Solanum tuberosum DNA binding protein homolog. 269 G1411 gi7528276 3.80E−23 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 269 G1411 gi21304712 6.20E−23 Glycine max ethylene-responsive element binding protein 1 277 G1451 AB071298 1.0e−999 Oryza sativa OsARF8 mRNA for auxin response factor 8, parti 277 G1451 AY105215 1.00E−157 Zea mays PCO121637 mRNA sequence. 277 G1451 AW690130 1.00E−109 Medicago truncatula NF028B12ST1F1000 Developing stem Medica 277 G1451 BQ862285 1.00E−108 Lactuca sativa QGC20K23.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lac 277 G1451 BG597435 1.00E−107 Solanum tuberosum EST496113 cSTS Solanum tuberosum cDNA clo 277 G1451 BJ303602 1.00E−104 Triticum aestivum BJ303602 Y. Ogihara unpublished cDNA libr 277 G1451 OSA306306 1.00E−103 Oryza sativa Oryza sativa subsp. (japonica cultivar- group) 277 G1451 BQ595269 1.00E−89 Beta vulgaris E012710-024-023-D13-SP6 MPIZ-ADIS-024-develop 277 G1451 CA801218 1.00E−86 Glycine max sau02f06.y2 Gm-c1062 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 277 G1451 BG159611 8.00E−79 Sorghum bicolor OV2_6_G07.b1_A002 Ovary 2 (OV2) Sorghum bic 277 G1451 gi19352049 3.70E−247 Oryza sativa auxin response factor 8. 277 G1451 gi20805236 3.10E−126 Oryza sativa auxin response fac (japonica cultivar- group) 277 G1451 gi24785191 4.10E−55 Nicotiana tabacum hypothetical protein. 277 G1451 gi23343944 2.40E−28 Mirabilis jalapa auxin-responsive factor protein. 277 G1451 gi20269053 7.00E−10 Populus tremula x Populus aux/IAA protein. tremuloides 277 G1451 gi287566 3.10E−06 Vigna radiata ORF. 277 G1451 gi114733 1.10E−05 Glycine max AUXIN-INDUCED PROTEIN AUX22. 277 G1451 gi871511 2.40E−05 Pisum sativum auxin-induced protein. 277 G1451 gi18697008 0.00027 Zea mays unnamed protein product. 277 G1451 gi17976835 0.00068 Pinus pinaster putative auxin induced transcription facto 303 G1543 AF145727 4.00E−51 Oryza sativa homeodomain leucine zipper protein (hox3) mRNA 303 G1543 CA030381 6.00E−41 Hordeum vulgare HX06O07r HX Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 303 G1543 BQ741095 6.00E−39 Glycine max saq14c10.y1 Gm-c1045 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 303 G1543 AT002118 1.00E−38 Brassica rapa subsp. AT002118 Flower bud pekinensis cDNA Br 303 G1543 BQ857226 2.00E−37 Lactuca sativa QGB6P03.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lact 303 G1543 AB028075 4.00E−37 Physcomitrella patens mRNA for homeobox protein PpHB4, comp 303 G1543 PBPHZ4GEN 4.00E−37 Pimpinella P. brachycarpa mRNA for brachycarpa homeobox-leu 303 G1543 LEHDZIPP 5.00E−37 Lycopersicon L. esculentum mRNA for esculentum HD-ZIP protei 303 G1543 AF443619 1.00E−36 Craterostigma homeodomain leucine zipper plantagineum prote 303 G1543 AJ498394 2.00E−36 Medicago truncatula AJ498394 MTPOSE Medicago truncatula cDN 303 G1543 gi5006851 8.30E−51 Oryza sativa homeodomain leucine zipper protein. 303 G1543 gi20161555 1.70E−50 Oryza sativa putative homeodoma (japonica cultivar- group) 303 G1543 gi18034437 1.60E−38 Craterostigma homeodomain leucine zipper plantagineum pro 303 G1543 gi1149535 4.30E−38 Pimpinella homeobox-leucine zipper brachycarpa protein. 303 G1543 gi992598 1.20E−37 Lycopersicon HD-ZIP protein. esculentum 303 G1543 gi7415620 1.50E−37 Physcomitrella patens homeobox protein PpHB4. 303 G1543 gi1234900 3.10E−37 Glycine max homeobox-leucine zipper protein. 303 G1543 gi3868847 1.90E−35 Ceratopteris richardii CRHB10. 303 G1543 gi8919876 1.90E−35 Capsella rubella hypothetical protein. 303 G1543 gi1032372 3.20E−35 Helianthus annuus homeodomain protein. 331 G1792 AI776626 5.00E−35 Lycopersicon EST257726 tomato resistant, esculentum Cornell 331 G1792 BQ045702 1.00E−32 Solanum tuberosum EST594820 P. infestans- challenged potato 331 G1792 BM178875 7.00E−32 Glycine max saj60f01.y1 Gm-c1072 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 331 G1792 BF649790 1.00E−31 Medicago truncatula NF084C07EC1F1052 Elicited cell culture 331 G1792 BZ020356 1.00E−30 Brassica oleracea oeg04a10.g1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 331 G1792 BZ337899 3.00E−30 Sorghum bicolor ia91f11.b1 WGS-SbicolorF (JM107 adapted met 331 G1792 AC025907 3.00E−30 Oryza sativa chromosome 10 clone nbxb0094K20, *** SEQUENCIN 331 G1792 AAAA01002491 3.00E−30 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold002491 cultivar-group) 331 G1792 BZ359367 8.00E−30 Zea mays id72f11.b1 WGS-ZmaysF (JM107 adapted methyl filter 331 G1792 AC137635 2.00E−27 Oryza sativa Genomic sequence for (japonica cultivar- group) 331 G1792 gi23452024 4.00E−26 Lycopersicon transcription factor TSRF1. esculentum 331 G1792 gi1732406 2.10E−25 Nicotiana tabacum S25-XP1 DNA binding protein. 331 G1792 gi12597874 3.70E−25 Oryza sativa putative ethylene-responsive element binding 331 G1792 gi7528276 7.60E−25 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 331 G1792 gi24060081 1.30E−23 Oryza sativa putative ethylene (japonica cultivar- group) 331 G1792 gi8980313 1.80E−23 Catharanthus roseus AP2-domain DNA-binding protein. 331 G1792 gi8809571 1.80E−23 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 331 G1792 gi17385636 1.20E−21 Matricaria ethylene-responsive element chamomilla binding 331 G1792 gi21304712 3.10E−21 Glycine max ethylene-responsive element binding protein 1 331 G1792 gi8571476 1.10E−20 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 341 G1820 AW776719 1.00E−43 Medicago truncatula EST335784 DSIL Medicago truncatula cDNA 341 G1820 BM065544 3.00E−40 Capsicum annuum KS07004F12 KS07 Capsicum annuum cDNA, mRNA 341 G1820 BG591677 4.00E−40 Solanum tuberosum EST499519 P. infestans- challenged leaf So 341 G1820 BI701620 1.00E−38 Glycine max sai18a04.y1 Gm-c1053 Glycine max cDNA clone GEN 341 G1820 BQ411597 3.00E−37 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ed0041B06f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 341 G1820 BE208917 6.00E−37 Citrus x paradisi GF-FV-P3F5 Marsh grapefruit young flavedo 341 G1820 BH725354 1.00E−36 Brassica oleracea BOHVO37TF BO_2_3_KB Brassica oleracea gen 341 G1820 AW093662 9.00E−36 Lycopersicon EST286842 tomato mixed esculentum elicitor, BT 341 G1820 BU819346 4.00E−35 Populus tremula UA42BPF01 Populus tremula cambium cDNA libr 341 G1820 AAAA01002977 3.00E−34 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold002977 cultivar-group) 341 G1820 gi5257260 1.40E−34 Oryza sativa Similar to sequence of BAC F7G19 from Arabid 341 G1820 gi20804442 1.70E−15 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 341 G1820 gi18481626 6.30E−08 Zea mays repressor protein. 341 G1820 gi297871 0.39 Picea abies histone H2A. 341 G1820 gi297887 0.41 Daucus carota glycine rich protein. 341 G1820 gi2130105 0.54 Triticum aestivum histone H2A.4 - wheat. 341 G1820 gi6782438 0.74 Nicotiana glauca glycine-rich protein. 341 G1820 gi15214035 0.98 Cicer arietinum HISTONE H2A. 341 G1820 gi2317760 0.98 Pinus taeda H2A homolog. 341 G1820 gi1173628 0.99 Phalaenopsis sp. glycine-rich protein. SM9108 343 G1836 BI701620 7.00E−35 Glycine max sai18a04.y1 Gm-c1053 Glycine max cDNA clone GEN 343 G1836 AW776719 2.00E−33 Medicago truncatula EST335784 DSIL Medicago truncatula cDNA 343 G1836 BQ411597 2.00E−33 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ed0041B06f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 343 G1836 BM065544 2.00E−32 Capsicum annuum KS07004F12 KS07 Capsicum annuum cDNA, mRNA 343 G1836 BG591677 3.00E−31 Solanum tuberosum EST499519 P. infestans- challenged leaf So 343 G1836 BU819346 6.00E−31 Populus tremula UA42BPF01 Populus tremula cambium cDNA libr 343 G1836 BH725354 4.00E−30 Brassica oleracea BOHVO37TF BO_2_3_KB Brassica oleracea gen 343 G1836 BE208917 6.00E−30 Citrus x paradisi GF-FV-P3F5 Marsh grapefruit young flavedo 343 G1836 AAAA01024926 5.00E−29 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold024926 cultivar-group) 343 G1836 AW093662 9.00E−29 Lycopersicon EST286842 tomato mixed esculentum elicitor, BT 343 G1836 gi5257260 2.10E−29 Oryza sativa Similar to sequence of BAC F7G19 from Arabid 343 G1836 gi20804442 6.30E−16 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 343 G1836 gi18481626 2.00E−06 Zea mays repressor protein. 343 G1836 gi18539425 0.84 Pinus sylvestris putative malate dehydrogenase. 343 G1836 gi122084 1 Hordeum vulgare Histone H3. 343 G1836 gi225348 1 Hordeum vulgare histone H3. subsp. vulgare 369 G1930 BU025988 5.00E−88 Helianthus annuus QHG12J17.yg.ab1 QH_EFGHJ sunflower RHA280 369 G1930 AP003450 8.00E−80 Oryza sativa chromosome 1 clone P0034C09, *** SEQUENCING IN 369 G1930 AC135925 7.00E−79 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 5 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 369 G1930 AAAA01000997 3.00E−78 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000997 cultivar-group) 369 G1930 BU994579 1.00E−65 Hordeum vulgare HM07I08r HM Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 369 G1930 BQ405698 1.00E−65 Gossypium arboreum GA_Ed0085H02f Gossypium arboreum 7-10 d 369 G1930 BF520598 1.00E−64 Medicago truncatula EST458071 DSIL Medicago truncatula cDNA 369 G1930 BZ015521 1.00E−64 Brassica oleracea oeg86a05.g1 B. oleracea002 Brassica olerac 369 G1930 BF424857 2.00E−58 Glycine max su59h03.y1 Gm-c1069 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 369 G1930 BU870896 1.00E−56 Populus balsamifera Q019F06 Populus flow subsp. trichocarpa 369 G1930 gi18565433 4.10E−74 Oryza sativa DNA-binding protei (japonica cultivar- group) 369 G1930 gi12328560 1.80E−71 Oryza sativa putative DNA binding protein RAV2. 369 G1930 gi10798644 1.40E−13 Nicotiana tabacum AP2 domain-containing transcription fac 369 G1930 gi20340233 5.10E−11 Thellungiella ethylene responsive element halophila bindi 369 G1930 gi4099921 1.30E−10 Stylosanthes hamata EREBP-3 homolog. 369 G1930 gi18496063 1.60E−10 Fagus sylvatica ethylene responsive element binding prote 369 G1930 gi22074046 2.10E−10 Lycopersicon transcription factor JERF1. esculentum 369 G1930 gi3264767 2.30E−10 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 369 G1930 gi18266198 1.10E−09 Narcissus AP-2 domain containing pseudonarcissus protein. 369 G1930 gi24940524 1.10E−09 Triticum aestivum ethylene response element binding prote 407 G2133 BH420519 1.00E−53 Brassica oleracea BOGUH88TF BOGU Brassica oleracea genomic 407 G2133 BG543936 6.00E−43 Brassica rapa subsp. E1686 Chinese cabbage etiol pekinesis 407 G2133 AU292603 2.00E−28 Zinnia elegans AU292603 zinnia cultured mesophyll cell equa 407 G2133 BE320193 6.00E−24 Medicago truncatula NF024B04RT1F1029 Developing root Medica 407 G2133 AP003346 3.00E−22 Oryza sativa chromosome 1 clone P0434C04, *** SEQUENCING IN 407 G2133 AAAA01000718 3.00E−22 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000718 cultivar-group) 407 G2133 AC124836 6.00E−22 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 5 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 407 G2133 BZ403609 2.00E−20 Zea mays OGABN17TM ZM_0.7_1.5_KB Zea mays genomic clone ZMM 407 G2133 BM985484 6.00E−19 Thellungiella 10_C12_T Ath Thellungiella halophila halophil 407 G2133 BM403179 3.00E−17 Selaginella SLA012F10_35741 An lepidophylla expressed seque 407 G2133 gi20161239 6.90E−24 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 407 G2133 gi8571476 6.00E−17 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 407 G2133 gi14140155 7.80E−16 Oryza sativa putative AP2 domain transcription factor. 407 G2133 gi5616086 7.00E−15 Brassica napus dehydration responsive element binding pro 407 G2133 gi21908034 8.90E−15 Zea mays DRE binding factor 2. 407 G2133 gi19071243 6.30E−14 Hordeum vulgare CRT/DRE binding factor 1. 407 G2133 gi18535580 2.10E−13 Lycopersicon putative transcriptional esculentum activato 407 G2133 gi1208496 3.30E−13 Nicotiana tabacum EREBP-3. 407 G2133 gi8980313 4.40E−13 Catharanthus roseus AP2-domain DNA-binding protein. 407 G2133 gi15488459 2.20E−12 Triticum aestivum AP2-containing protein. 417 G2153 BH566718 1.00E−127 Brassica oleracea BOHCV23TR BOHC Brassica oleracea genomic 417 G2153 AP004971 2.00E−90 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 5, clone: LjT45G21, 417 G2153 AP004020 1.00E−79 Oryza sativa chromosome 2 clone OJ1119_A01, *** SEQUENCING 417 G2153 AAAA01017331 2.00E−72 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold017331 cultivar-group) 417 G2153 BQ165495 2.00E−67 Medicago truncatula EST611364 KVKC Medicago truncatula cDNA 417 G2153 AP005653 1.00E−66 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 2 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 417 G2153 BQ785950 8.00E−64 Glycine max saq61f09.y1 Gm-c1076 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 417 G2153 BZ412041 3.00E−63 Zea mays OGACG56TC ZM_0.7_1.5_KB Zea mays genomic clone ZMM 417 G2153 BM110212 3.00E−63 Solanum tuberosum EST557748 potato roots Solanum tuberosum 417 G2153 BQ865858 7.00E−63 Lactuca sativa QGC6B08.yg.ab1 QG_ABCDI lettuce salinas Lact 417 G2153 gi24059979 3.80E−39 Oryza sativa similar to DNA-bin (japonica cultivar- group) 417 G2153 gi15528814 1.70E−36 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein˜similar to Arabidopsis 417 G2153 gi4165183 5.00E−21 Antirrhinum majus SAP1 protein. 417 G2153 gi2213534 1.30E−19 Pisum sativum DNA-binding PD1-like protein. 417 G2153 gi7439981 2.60E−08 Triticum aestivum glycine-rich RNA-binding protein GPR1 - 417 G2153 gi21623 1.90E−06 Sorghum bicolor glycine-rich RNA-binding protein. 417 G2153 gi11545668 3.50E−06 Chlamydomonas CIA5. reinhardtii 417 G2153 gi21068672 6.60E−06 Cicer arietinum putative glicine-rich protein. 417 G2153 gi7489714 6.60E−06 Zea mays aluminum-induced protein al1 - maize. 417 G2153 gi395147 1.60E−05 Nicotiana tabacum glycine-rich protein. 419 G2155 BG543096 2.00E−69 Brassica rapa subsp. E0571 Chinese cabbage etiol pekinensis 419 G2155 BH480897 7.00E−66 Brassica oleracea BOGRA01TF BOGR Brassica oleracea genomic 419 G2155 BG646893 2.00E−53 Medicago truncatula EST508512 HOGA Medicago truncatula cDNA 419 G2155 BU023570 3.00E−44 Helianthus annuus QHF11M19.yg.ab1 QH_EFGHJ sunflower RHA280 419 G2155 AP004020 2.00E−41 Oryza sativa chromosome 2 clone OJ1119_A01, *** SEQUENCING 419 G2155 BI426899 4.00E−41 Glycine max sag08g12.y1 Gm-c1080 Glycine max cDNA clone GEN 419 G2155 AAAA01000383 2.00E−40 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000383 cultivar-group) 419 G2155 AP004971 2.00E−40 Lotus japonicus genomic DNA, chromosome 5, clone: LjT45G21, 419 G2155 AP005755 2.00E−40 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 9 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 419 G2155 BZ412041 8.00E−39 Zea mays OGACG56TC ZM_0.7_1.5_KB Zea mays genomic clone ZMM 419 G2155 gi15528814 3.70E−32 Oryza sativa hypothetical protein˜similar to Arabidopsis 419 G2155 gi24059979 1.20E−21 Oryza sativa similar to DNA-bin (japonica cultivar- group) 419 G2155 gi4165183 3.50E−20 Antirrhinum majus SAP1 protein. 419 G2155 gi2213534 1.60E−16 Pisum sativum DNA-binding PD1-like protein. 419 G2155 gi2224911 0.98 Daucus carota somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase. 419 G2155 gi454279 1 Avena sativa DNA-binding protein. 439 G2509 BH989379 8.00E−66 Brassica oleracea oed22b05.b1 B.oleracea002 Brassica olerac 439 G2509 BQ138607 4.00E−41 Medicago truncatula NF005C01PH1F1004 Phoma-infected Medicag 439 G2509 BQ786702 4.00E−36 Glycine max saq72b07.y1 Gm-c1076 Glycine max cDNA clone SOY 439 G2509 OSJN00240 7.00E−31 Oryza sativa genomic DNA, chromosome 4, BAC clone: OSJNBa0 439 G2509 AAAA01000832 7.00E−31 Oryza sativa ( indica ( ) scaffold000832 cultivar-group) 439 G2509 BE419451 2.00E−29 Triticum aestivum WWS012.C2R000101 ITEC WWS Wheat Scutellum 439 G2509 BM062508 5.00E−29 Capsicum annuum KS01043F09 KS01 Capsicum annuum cDNA, mRNA 439 G2509 AI771755 2.00E−28 Lycopersicon EST252855 tomato ovary, esculentum TAMU Lycope 439 G2509 CA015575 7.00E−28 Hordeum vulgare HT14L19r HT Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 439 G2509 BE642320 2.00E−27 Ceratopteris richardii Cri2_5_L17_SP6 Ceratopteris Spore Li 439 G2509 gi20160854 2.10E−29 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 439 G2509 gi3264767 8.40E−28 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 439 G2509 gi24817250 1.10E−25 Cicer arietinum transcription factor EREBP- like protein. 439 G2509 gi15217291 7.10E−25 Oryza sativa Putative AP2 domain containing protein. 439 G2509 gi1208498 1.60E−24 Nicotiana tabacum EREBP-2. 439 G2509 gi8809571 1.60E−24 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding 439 G2509 gi7528276 3.00E−24 Mesembryanthemum AP2-related transcription f crystallinum 439 G2509 gi1688233 1.10E−23 Solanum tuberosum DNA binding protein homolog. 439 G2509 gi4099921 1.60E−23 Stylosanthes hamata EREBP-3 homolog. 439 G2509 gi18496063 2.40E−23 Fagus sylvatica ethylene responsive element binding prote 449 G2583 BH658452 1.00E−59 Brassica oleracea BOMCP74TF BO_2_3_KB Brassica oleracea gen 449 G2583 BE023297 5.00E−54 Glycine max sm80e10.y1 Gm-c1015 Glycine max cDNA clone GENO 449 G2583 CA486875 1.00E−50 Triticum aestivum WHE4337_A02_A03ZS Wheat meiotic anther cD 449 G2583 BG642554 8.00E−48 Lycopersicon EST356031 tomato flower esculentum buds, anthe 449 G2583 BI978981 2.00E−47 Rosa chinensis zD09 Old Blush petal SMART library Rosa chin 449 G2583 BU978490 4.00E−47 Hordeum vulgare HA13G05r HA Hordeum subsp. vulgare vulgare 449 G2583 BQ106328 4.00E−46 Rosa hybrid cultivar gg1388.e Rose Petals (Golden Gate) Lam 449 G2583 BI958226 1.00E−44 Hordeum vulgare HVSMEn0013P17f Hordeum vulgare rachis EST 1 449 G2583 AP004869 1.00E−43 Oryza sativa ( ) chromosome 2 clo (japonica cultivar- group) 449 G2583 BU832200 6.00E−43 Populus tremula x Populus T030G01 Populus apica tremuloides 449 G2583 gi18650662 2.30E−23 Lycopersicon ethylene response factor 1. esculentum 449 G2583 gi131754 7.30E−20 Lupinus polyphyllus PPLZ02 PROTEIN. 449 G2583 gi20160854 2.80E−18 Oryza sativa hypothetical prote (japonica cultivar- group) 449 G2583 gi10798644 2.80E−18 Nicotiana tabacum AP2 domain-containing transcription fac 449 G2583 gi8571476 2.80E−18 Atriplex hortensis apetala2 domain-containing protein. 449 G2583 gi14018047 3.30E−17 Oryza sativa Putative protein containing AP2 DNA binding 449 G2583 gi12225884 1.10E−16 Zea mays unnamed protein product. 449 G2583 gi3264767 1.10E−16 Prunus armeniaca AP2 domain containing protein. 449 G2583 gi4099914 1.10E−16 Stylosanthes hamata ethylene-responsive element binding p 449 G2583 gi8809573 1.40E−16 Nicotiana sylvestris ethylene-responsive element binding

Table 12 lists sequences discovered to be paralogous to a number of transcription factors of the present invention. The columns headings include, from left to right, the Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO; corresponding Arabidopsis Gene ID (GID) numbers; the GID numbers of the paralogs discovered in a database search; and the SEQ ID NOs of the paralogs (a paralog appearing in any cell of the fourth column is also paralogous to the other sequences in that cell). TABLE 12 Arabidopsis Transcription Factors and Paralogs SEQ ID GID NO: NO. Paralog SEQ ID NO: Paralog GID No. 10 G28 6, 2074 G6, G1006 12 G47 408 G2133 60 G353 62, 2150, 2156, 2200 G354, G1889, G1974, G2839 88 G481 90, 2010, 2102, 2172 G482, G485, G1364, G2345 94 G489 2054 G714 148 G682 38, 1972, 2142, 2192 G225, G226, G1816, G2718 170 G867 1950, 2072, 370 G9, G993, G1930 186 G912 1958, 1960, 1962, G40, G41, G42, G2107, 2162, 2184 G2513 188 G913 2162 G2107 200 G975 2106, 450 G1387, G2583 224 G1073 2078, 2166 G1067, G2156 226 G1075 2080 G1076 270 G1411 440 G2509 278 G1451 2070 G990 332 G1792 1954, 2134, 2136 G30, G1791, G1795 344 G1836 340 G1818 2158 G1995 64, 66, 2198 G361, G362, G2838 420 G2155 2154 G1945

Table 13 lists the gene identification number (GID) and homologous relationships found using analyses according to Example VIII for the sequences of the Sequence Listing. TABLE 13 Homologous relationships found within the Sequence Listing DNA or Species from Which SEQ ID Protein Homologous NO: GID (PRT) Sequence is Derived Relationship of SEQ ID NO: to Other Genes 468 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 469 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 470 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 471 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 472 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 473 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 474 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 475 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 476 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G19 477 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 478 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 491 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 492 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 493 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 494 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 495 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 496 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 497 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 498 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 499 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 500 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 501 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 502 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 503 PRT Mesembryanthemum Orthologous to G22, G28, G1006 crystallinum 504 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G47, G2133 505 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G47, G2133 550 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 551 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 552 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 553 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 554 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 555 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 556 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 557 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 558 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 559 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 610 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 611 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 612 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 613 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 614 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 615 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 616 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 617 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 618 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 619 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 620 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 621 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 622 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 623 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 624 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 625 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 626 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 746 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 747 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 748 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 749 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 750 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 751 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 752 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 753 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 754 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 755 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 756 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 757 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 758 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 759 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 760 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 761 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 762 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 763 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 764 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 765 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 766 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 767 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 768 DNA Gossypium arboreum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 769 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 770 DNA Gossypium hirsutum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 771 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 772 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 773 DNA Medicago truncatula Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 774 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 775 DNA Solanum tuberosum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 776 DNA Triticum aestivum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 777 DNA Hordeum vulgare Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 778 DNA Triticum Predicted polypeptide sequence is monococcum orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 779 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 780 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 781 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 782 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 783 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 784 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 785 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 786 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 787 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 788 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 789 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 790 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 791 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 792 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 793 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 794 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 795 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 796 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 797 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 798 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 799 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 800 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 801 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 802 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 803 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 804 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 805 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 806 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 807 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 825 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 826 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 827 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 828 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 829 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 830 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 831 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 832 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 833 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 834 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G489, G714 835 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G489, G714 836 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G489, G714 837 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G489, G714 981 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G634 982 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G634 983 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G634 984 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G634 985 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G634 986 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G634 987 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G634 988 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G634 1076 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1077 DNA Hordeum vulgare Predicted polypeptide sequence is subsp. vulgare orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1078 DNA Populus tremula x Populus Predicted polypeptide sequence is tremuloides orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1079 DNA Triticum aestivum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1080 DNA Gossypium arboreum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1081 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1082 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1083 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1084 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1085 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1086 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1087 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1088 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1089 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1090 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1159 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1160 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1161 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1162 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1163 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1164 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1165 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1166 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1167 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1168 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1169 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1170 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1171 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1172 DNA Mesembryanthemum Predicted polypeptide sequence is crystallinum orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1173 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1174 DNA Solanum tuberosum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1175 DNA Hordeum vulgare Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1176 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1177 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1178 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1179 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1180 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1181 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1182 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1183 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1184 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1185 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1186 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1204 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1205 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1206 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1207 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1208 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1209 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1210 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1211 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1212 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G913 1213 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1214 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1215 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G913 1216 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1217 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1218 DNA Brassica napus Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G913 1219 DNA Solanum tuberosum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1220 DNA Descurainia sophia Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1221 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1222 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G913 1223 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G913 1224 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1225 PRT Brassica napus Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1226 PRT Nicotiana tabacum Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1227 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1228 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1229 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1230 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1231 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1232 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1233 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1234 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1235 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1236 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1237 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1238 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1239 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1240 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1241 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1242 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1243 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1244 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1245 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1246 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1247 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1248 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G912, G2107, G2513 1249 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G922 1250 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G922 1251 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G922 1252 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G922 1253 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G922 1254 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G922 1255 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G922 1256 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G922 1257 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G922 1258 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G926 1259 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G926 1260 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G926 1261 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G926 1262 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G926 1263 PRT Brassica napus Orthologous to G926 1292 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1293 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1294 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1295 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1296 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1297 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1298 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1299 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1300 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1301 DNA Brassica rapa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1302 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G975, G1387, G2583 1393 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1069, G2153 1394 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1069, G2153 1395 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1069, G2153 1396 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1069, G2153 1397 DNA Lotus japonicus Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1069, G2153 1398 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1399 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1400 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1401 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1402 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1403 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1404 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1405 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1406 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1407 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1408 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1409 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1410 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1411 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1412 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1413 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1414 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1415 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1416 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1417 PRT Glycine max Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1418 PRT Zea mays Orthologous to G1067, G1073, G2156 1419 DNA Glycine max Predicted Polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1420 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1421 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1422 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1423 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1424 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1425 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1426 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1075, G1076 1587 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1411, G2509 1588 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1411, G2509 1589 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1411, G2509 1590 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1411, G2509 1591 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1411, G2509 1604 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1605 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1606 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1607 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1608 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1609 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1610 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1611 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1612 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1613 DNA Medicago truncatula Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1614 DNA Solanum tuberosum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1615 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1616 DNA Sorghum propinquum Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1617 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1618 DNA Sorghum bicolor Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1619 DNA Hordeum vulgare Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G990, G1451 1620 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G990, G1451 1621 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G990, G1451 1622 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G990, G1451 1623 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G990, G1451 1624 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G990, G1451 1671 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1543 1672 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1543 1673 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1543 1674 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G1543 1728 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1729 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1730 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1731 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1732 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1733 DNA Zea mays Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1734 DNA Lycopersicon Predicted polypeptide sequence is esculentum orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1735 G3380 PRT Oryza sativa Orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1736 G3381 PRT Oryza sativa indica Orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1737 G3383 PRT Oryza sativa japonica Orthologous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1795 DNA Oryza sativa Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1908 DNA Medicago truncatula Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1945, G2155 1909 DNA Medicago truncatula Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1945, G2155 1910 DNA Glycine max Predicted polypeptide sequence is orthologous to G1945, G2155 1949 G9 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1950 G9 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 1953 G30 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1954 G30 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana start Paralogous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 1955 G40 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 1956 G40 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 1957 G41 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 1958 G41 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 1959 G42 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 1960 G42 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 1971 G225 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1972 G225 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 1991 G370 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G361, G362, G370, G1995, G2826, G2838 1992 G370 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G361, G362, G370, G1995, G2826, G2838 2009 G485 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to 481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 2010 G485 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to 481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 2053 G714 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G489, G714 2054 G714 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G489, G714 2069 G990 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G990, G1451 2070 G990 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G990, G1451 2071 G993 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 2072 G993 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G9, G867, G993, G1930 2073 G1006 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G22, G28, G1006 2074 G1006 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G22, G28, G1006 2077 G1067 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G1067, G1073, G2156 2078 G1067 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G1067, G1073, G2156 2079 G1076 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G1075, G1076 2080 G1076 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G1075, G1076 2101 G1364 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to 481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 2102 G1364 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to 481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 2105 G1387 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G975, G1387, G2583 2106 G1387 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G975, G1387, G2583 2133 G1791 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 2134 G1791 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 2135 G1795 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 2136 G1795 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G30, G1791, G1792, G1795 2141 G1816 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 2142 G1816 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 2149 G1889 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 2150 G1889 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 2153 G1945 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G1945, G2155 2154 G1945 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G1945, G2155 2155 G1974 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 2156 G1974 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 2157 G1995 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G361, G362, G1995, G2826, G2838 2158 G1995 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G361, G362, G1995, G2826, G2838 2161 G2107 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 2162 G2107 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 2165 G2156 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G1067, G1073, G2156 2166 G2156 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G1067, G1073, G2156 2171 G2345 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to 481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 2172 G2345 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to 481, G482, G485, G1364, G2345 2183 G2513 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 2184 G2513 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G912, G2107, G2513 2191 G2718 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 2192 G2718 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G226, G682, G1816, G2718 2199 G2839 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana Predicted polypeptide sequence is paralogous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 2200 G2839 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana Paralogous to G353, G354, G1974, G1889, G2839 Molecular Modeling

Another means that may be used to confirm the utility and function of transcription factor sequences that are orthologous or paralogous to presently disclosed transcription factors is through the use of molecular modeling software. Molecular modeling is routinely used to predict polypeptide structure, and a variety of protein structure modeling programs, such as “Insight II” (Accelrys, Inc.) are commercially available for this purpose. Modeling can thus be used to predict which residues of a polypeptide can be changed without altering function (Crameri et al. (2003) U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,453). Thus, polypeptides that are sequentially similar can be shown to have a high likelihood of similar function by their structural similarity, which may, for example, be established by comparison of regions of superstructure. The relative tendencies of amino acids to form regions of superstructure (for example, helixes and β-sheets) are well established. For example, O'Neil et al. (1990) Science 250: 646-651) have discussed in detail the helix forming tendencies of amino acids. Tables of relative structure forming activity for amino acids can be used as substitution tables to predict which residues can be functionally substituted in a given region, for example, in DNA-binding domains of known transcription factors and equivalogs. Homologs that are likely to be functionally similar can then be identified.

Of particular interest is the structure of a transcription factor in the region of its conserved domain, such as those identified in Table 8. Structural analyses may be performed by comparing the structure of the known transcription factor around its conserved domain with those of orthologs and paralogs. Analysis of a number of polypeptides within a transcription factor group or lade, including the functionally or sequentially similar polypeptides provided in the Sequence Listing, may also provide an understanding of structural elements required to regulate transcription within a given family.

EXAMPLES

The invention, now being generally described, will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. It will be recognized by one of skill in the art that a transcription factor that is associated with a particular first trait may also be associated with at least one other, unrelated and inherent second trait which was not predicted by the first trait.

The complete descriptions of the traits associated with each polynucleotide of the invention are fully disclosed in Table 7 and Table 9. The complete description of the transcription factor gene family and identified conserved domains of the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide is fully disclosed in Table 8.

Example I Full Length Gene Identification and Cloning

Putative transcription factor sequences (genomic or ESTs) related to known transcription factors were identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana GenBank database using the tblastn sequence analysis program using default parameters and a P-value cutoff threshold of −4 or −5 or lower, depending on the length of the query sequence. Putative transcription factor sequence hits were then screened to identify those containing particular sequence strings. If the sequence hits contained such sequence strings, the sequences were confirmed as transcription factors.

Alternatively, Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA libraries derived from different tissues or treatments, or genomic libraries were screened to identify novel members of a transcription family using a low stringency hybridization approach. Probes were synthesized using gene specific primers in a standard PCR reaction (annealing temperature 60° C.) and labeled with ³²P dCTP using the High Prime DNA Labeling Kit (Boehringer Mannheim Corp. (now Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.). Purified radiolabelled probes were added to filters immersed in Church hybridization medium (0.5 M NaPO₄ pH 7.0, 7% SDS, 1% w/v bovine serum albumin) and hybridized overnight at 60° C. with shaking. Filters were washed two times for 45 to 60 minutes with 1×SCC, 1% SDS at 60° C.

To identify additional sequence 5′ or 3′ of a partial cDNA sequence in a cDNA library, 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was performed using the MARATHON cDNA amplification kit (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Generally, the method entailed first isolating poly(A) mRNA, performing first and second strand cDNA synthesis to generate double stranded cDNA, blunting cDNA ends, followed by ligation of the MARATHON Adaptor to the cDNA to form a library of adaptor-ligated ds cDNA.

Gene-specific primers were designed to be used along with adaptor specific primers for both 5′ and 3′ RACE reactions. Nested primers, rather than single primers, were used to increase PCR specificity. Using 5′ and 3′ RACE reactions, 5′ and 3′ RACE fragments were obtained, sequenced and cloned. The process can be repeated until 5′ and 3′ ends of the full-length gene were identified. Then the full-length cDNA was generated by PCR using primers specific to 5′ and 3′ ends of the gene by end-to-end PCR.

Example II Construction of Expression Vectors

For the experiments in Example XIII, two types of constructs were used to modulate the activity of lead transcription factors and test the activity of orthologs and paralogs in transgenic plants. These included direct promoter fusion constructs and two component transformation systems.

For direct promoter fusion, expression of a single full-length wild-type version of a transcription factor polynucleotide sequence was driven by fusing the polynucleotide directly to a promoter. A number of different promoters may be used, such as the native promoter or that gene, or a promoter that drives tissue specific or conditional expression. In the direct promoter fusion assays found in Example XIII, the CaMV 35S constitutive promoter was used. To clone the sequence into the vector, both pMEN20, derived from pMON316 (Sanders et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:1543-1558), and the amplified DNA fragment (the sequence was amplified from a genomic or cDNA library using primers specific to sequences upstream and downstream of the coding region) were digested separately with SalI and NotI restriction enzymes at 37° C. for 2 hours. The digestion products were subject to electrophoresis in a 0.8% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The DNA fragments containing the sequence and the linearized plasmid were excised and purified by using a QIAQUICK gel extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia Calif.). The fragments of interest were ligated at a ratio of 3:1 (vector to insert). Ligation reactions using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly Mass.) were carried out at 16° C. for 16 hours. The ligated DNAs were transformed into competent cells of the E. coli strain DH5alpha by using the heat shock method. The transformations were plated on LB plates containing 50 mg/l kanamycin (Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis Mo.). Individual colonies were grown overnight in five milliliters of LB broth containing 50 mg/l kanamycin at 37° C. Plasmid DNA was purified by using Qiaquick Mini Prep kits (Qiagen).

For two component supertransformation (2 comp. supTfn), two separate constructs were used: Promoter::LexA-GAL4TA and opLexA::TF. The first of these (Promoter::LexA-GAL4TA) comprised a desired promoter cloned in front of a LexA DNA binding domain fused to a GAL4 activation domain. The construct vector backbone (MEN48; P5375) also carried a kanamycin resistance marker, along with an opLexA::GFP reporter. Transgenic lines were obtained containing this first component, and a line was selected that showed reproducible expression of the reporter gene in the desired pattern through a number of generations. A homozygous population was established for that line, and the population was supertransformed with the second construct (opLexA::TF) carrying the transcription factor of interest cloned behind a LexA operator site. This second construct vector backbone (pMEN53; P5381) also contained a sulfonamide resistance marker.

Example III Transformation of Agrobacterium with the Expression Vector

After the plasmid vector containing the gene was constructed, the vector was used to transform Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells expressing the gene products. The stock of Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells for transformation was made as described by Nagel et al. (1990) FEMS Microbiol Letts. 67: 325-328. Agrobacterium strain ABI was grown in 250 ml LB medium (Sigma) overnight at 28° C. with shaking until an absorbance over 1 cm at 600 nm (A₆₀₀) of 0.5-1.0 was reached. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4,000×g for 15 min at 4° C. Cells were then resuspended in 250 μl chilled buffer (1 mM HEPES, pH adjusted to 7.0 with KOH). Cells were centrifuged again as described above and resuspended in 125 μl chilled buffer. Cells were then centrifuged and resuspended two more times in the same HEPES buffer as described above at a volume of 100 μl and 750 μl, respectively. Resuspended cells were then distributed into 40 μl aliquots, quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80° C.

Agrobacterium cells were transformed with plasmids prepared as described above following the protocol described by Nagel et al. (supra). For each DNA construct to be transformed, 50-100 ng DNA (generally resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) was mixed with 40 μl of Agrobacterium cells. The DNA/cell mixture was then transferred to a chilled cuvette with a 2 mm electrode gap and subject to a 2.5 kV charge dissipated at 25 μF and 200 μF using a Gene Pulser II apparatus (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). After electroporation, cells were immediately resuspended in 1.0 ml LB and allowed to recover without antibiotic selection for 2-4 hours at 28° C. in a shaking incubator. After recovery, cells were plated onto selective medium of LB broth containing 100 μg/ml spectinomycin (Sigma) and incubated for 24-48 hours at 28° C. Single colonies were then picked and inoculated in fresh medium. The presence of the plasmid construct was verified by PCR amplification and sequence analysis.

Example IV Transformation of Arabidopsis Plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens with Expression Vector

After transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with plasmid vectors containing the gene, single Agrobacterium colonies were identified, propagated, and used to transform Arabidopsis plants. Briefly, 500 ml cultures of LB medium containing 50 mg/l kanamycin were inoculated with the colonies and grown at 28° C. with shaking for 2 days until an optical absorbance at 600 nm wavelength over 1 cm (A₆₀₀) of >2.0 is reached. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 4,000×g for 10 min, and resuspended in infiltration medium (½× Murashige and Skoog salts (Sigma), 1× Gamborg's B-5 vitamins (Sigma), 5.0% (w/v) sucrose (Sigma), 0.044 μM benzylamino purine (Sigma), 200 μl/l Silwet L-77 (Lehle Seeds) until an A₆₀₀ of 0.8 was reached.

Prior to transformation, Arabidopsis thaliana seeds (ecotype Columbia) were sown at a density of −10 plants per 4″ pot onto Pro-Mix BX potting medium (Hummert International) covered with fiberglass mesh (18 mm×16 mm). Plants were grown under continuous illumination (50-75 μE/m²/sec) at 22-23° C. with 65-70% relative humidity. After about 4 weeks, primary inflorescence stems (bolts) are cut off to encourage growth of multiple secondary bolts. After flowering of the mature secondary bolts, plants were prepared for transformation by removal of all siliques and opened flowers.

The pots were then immersed upside down in the mixture of Agrobacterium infiltration medium as described above for 30 sec, and placed on their sides to allow draining into a 1′×2′ flat surface covered with plastic wrap. After 24 h, the plastic wrap was removed and pots are turned upright. The immersion procedure was repeated one week later, for a total of two immersions per pot. Seeds were then collected from each transformation pot and analyzed following the protocol described below.

Example V Identification of Arabidopsis Primary Transformants

Seeds collected from the transformation pots were sterilized essentially as follows. Seeds were dispersed into in a solution containing 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (Sigma) and sterile water and washed by shaking the suspension for 20 min. The wash solution was then drained and replaced with fresh wash solution to wash the seeds for 20 min with shaking. After removal of the ethanol/detergent solution, a solution containing 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 and 30% (v/v) bleach (CLOROX; Clorox Corp. Oakland Calif.) was added to the seeds, and the suspension was shaken for 10 min. After removal of the bleach/detergent solution, seeds were then washed five times in sterile distilled water. The seeds were stored in the last wash water at 4° C. for 2 days in the dark before being plated onto antibiotic selection medium (1× Murashige and Skoog salts (pH adjusted to 5.7 with 1M KOH), 1× Gamborg's B-5 vitamins, 0.9% phytagar (Life Technologies), and 50 mg/l kanamycin). Seeds were germinated under continuous illumination (50-75 μE/m²/sec) at 22-23° C. After 7-10 days of growth under these conditions, kanamycin resistant primary transformants (T₁ generation) were visible and obtained. These seedlings were transferred first to fresh selection plates where the seedlings continued to grow for 3-5 more days, and then to soil (Pro-Mix BX potting medium).

Primary transformants were crossed and progeny seeds (T₂) collected; kanamycin resistant seedlings were selected and analyzed. The expression levels of the recombinant polynucleotides in the transformants vary from about a 5% expression level increase to a least a 100% expression level increase. Similar observations are made with respect to polypeptide level expression.

Example VI Identification of Arabidopsis Plants with Transcription Factor Gene Knockouts

The screening of insertion mutagenized Arabidopsis collections for null mutants in a known target gene was essentially as described in Krysan et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11: 2283-2290. Briefly, gene-specific primers, nested by 5-250 base pairs to each other, were designed from the 5′ and 3′ regions of a known target gene. Similarly, nested sets of primers were also created specific to each of the T-DNA or transposon ends (the “right” and “left” borders). All possible combinations of gene specific and T-DNA/transposon primers were used to detect by PCR an insertion event within or close to the target gene. The amplified DNA fragments were then sequenced which allows the precise determination of the T-DNA/transposon insertion point relative to the target gene. Insertion events within the coding or intervening sequence of the genes were deconvoluted from a pool comprising a plurality of insertion events to a single unique mutant plant for functional characterization. The method is described in more detail in Yu and Adam, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/177,733 filed Oct. 23, 1998.

Example VII Identification of Modified Phenotypes in Overexpression or Gene Knockout Plants

Experiments were performed to identify those transformants or knockouts that exhibited modified biochemical characteristics. Among the biochemicals that were assayed were insoluble sugars, such as arabinose, fucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose or xylose or the like; prenyl lipids, such as lutein, beta-carotene, xanthophyll-1, xanthophyll-2, chlorophylls A or B, or alpha-, delta- or gamma-tocopherol or the like; fatty acids, such as 16:0 (palmitic acid), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 18:0 (stearic acid), 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (linoleic acid), 20:0, 18:3 (linolenic acid), 20:1 (eicosenoic acid), 20:2, 22:1 (erucic acid) or the like; waxes, such as by altering the levels of C29, C31, or C33 alkanes; sterols, such as brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol or stigmastanol or the like, glucosinolates, protein or oil levels.

Fatty acids were measured using two methods depending on whether the tissue was from leaves or seeds. For leaves, lipids were extracted and esterified with hot methanolic H₂SO₄ and partitioned into hexane from methanolic brine. For seed fatty acids, seeds were pulverized and extracted in methanol:heptane:toluene:2,2-dimethoxypropane:H₂SO₄ (39:34:20:5:2) for 90 minutes at 80° C. After cooling to room temperature the upper phase, containing the seed fatty acid esters, was subjected to GC analysis. Fatty acid esters from both seed and leaf tissues were analyzed with a SUPELCO SP-2330 column (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa.).

Glucosinolates were purified from seeds or leaves by first heating the tissue at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Preheated ethanol:water (50:50) is added and after heating at 95° C. for a further 10 minutes, the extraction solvent is applied to a DEAE Sephadex column (Pharmacia) which had been previously equilibrated with 0.5 M pyridine acetate. Desulfoglucosinolates were eluted with 300 ul water and analyzed by reverse phase HPLC monitoring at 226 nm.

For wax alkanes, samples were extracted using an identical method as fatty acids and extracts were analyzed on a HP 5890 GC coupled with a 5973 MSD. Samples were chromatographically isolated on a J&W DB35 mass spectrometer (J&W Scientific Agilent Technologies, Folsom, Calif.).

To measure prenyl lipid levels, seeds or leaves were pulverized with 1 to 2% pyrogallol as an antioxidant. For seeds, extracted samples were filtered and a portion removed for tocopherol and carotenoid/chlorophyll analysis by HPLC. The remaining material was saponified for sterol determination. For leaves, an aliquot was removed and diluted with methanol and chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and total carotenoids measured by spectrophotometry by determining optical absorbance at 665.2 nm, 652.5 nm, and 470 nm. An aliquot was removed for tocopherol and carotenoid/chlorophyll composition by HPLC using a Waters μBondapak C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm). The remaining methanolic solution was saponified with 10% KOH at 80° C. for one hour. The samples were cooled and diluted with a mixture of methanol and water. A solution of 2% methylene chloride in hexane was mixed in and the samples were centrifuged. The aqueous methanol phase was again re-extracted 2% methylene chloride in hexane and, after centrifugation, the two upper phases were combined and evaporated. 2% methylene chloride in hexane was added to the tubes and the samples were then extracted with one ml of water. The upper phase was removed, dried, and resuspended in 400 ul of 2% methylene chloride in hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography using a 50 m DB-5 ms (0.25 mm ID, 0.25 um phase, J&W Scientific).

Insoluble sugar levels were measured by the method essentially described by Reiter et al. (1999), Plant J. 12: 335-345. This method analyzes the neutral sugar composition of cell wall polymers found in Arabidopsis leaves. Soluble sugars were separated from sugar polymers by extracting leaves with hot 70% ethanol. The remaining residue containing the insoluble polysaccharides was then acid hydrolyzed with allose added as an internal standard. Sugar monomers generated by the hydrolysis were then reduced to the corresponding alditols by treatment with NaBH4, then were acetylated to generate the volatile alditol acetates which were then analyzed by GC-FID. Identity of the peaks was determined by comparing the retention times of known sugars converted to the corresponding alditol acetates with the retention times of peaks from wild-type plant extracts. Alditol acetates were analyzed on a Supelco SP-2330 capillary column (30 m×250 μm×0.2 μm) using a temperature program beginning at 1800° C. for 2 minutes followed by an increase to 220° C. in 4 minutes. After holding at 220° C. for 10 minutes, the oven temperature is increased to 240° C. in 2 minutes and held at this temperature for 10 minutes and brought back to room temperature.

To identify plants with alterations in total seed oil or protein content, 150 mg of seeds from T2 progeny plants were subjected to analysis by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) using a Foss NirSystems Model 6500 with a spinning cup transport system. NIRS is a non-destructive analytical method used to determine seed oil and protein composition. Infrared is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum located after the visible region in the direction of longer wavelengths. ‘Near infrared’ owns its name for being the infrared region near to the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For practical purposes, near infrared comprises wavelengths between 800 and 2500 nm. NIRS is applied to organic compounds rich in O—H bonds (such as moisture, carbohydrates, and fats), C—H bonds (such as organic compounds and petroleum derivatives), and N—H bonds (such as proteins and amino acids). The NIRS analytical instruments operate by statistically correlating NIRS signals at several wavelengths with the characteristic or property intended to be measured. All biological substances contain thousands of C—H, O—H, and N—H bonds. Therefore, the exposure to near infrared radiation of a biological sample, such as a seed, results in a complex spectrum which contains qualitative and quantitative information about the physical and chemical composition of that sample.

The numerical value of a specific analyte in the sample, such as protein content or oil content, is mediated by a calibration approach known as chemometrics. Chemometrics applies statistical methods such as multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS), and principle component analysis (PCA) to the spectral data and correlates them with a physical property or other factor, that property or factor is directly determined rather than the analyte concentration itself. The method first provides “wet chemistry” data of the samples required to develop the calibration.

Calibration of NIRS response was performed using data obtained by wet chemical analysis of a population of Arabidopsis ecotypes that were expected to represent diversity of oil and protein levels.

The exact oil composition of each ecotype used in the calibration experiment was performed using gravimetric analysis of oils extracted from seed samples (0.5 g or 1.0 g) by the accelerated solvent extraction method (ASE; Dionex Corp, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The extraction method was validated against certified canola samples (Community Bureau of Reference, Belgium). Seed samples from each ecotype (0.5 g or 1 g) were subjected to accelerated solvent extraction and the resulting extracted oil weights compared to the weight of oil recovered from canola seed that has been certified for oil content (Community Bureau of Reference). The oil calibration equation was based on 57 samples with a range of oil contents from 27.0% to 50.8%. To check the validity of the calibration curve, an additional set of samples was extracted by ASE and predicted using the oil calibration equation. This validation set counted 46 samples, ranging from 27.9% to 47.5% oil, and had a predicted standard error of performance of 0.63%. The wet chemical method for protein was elemental analysis (% N×6.0) using the average of 3 representative samples of 5 mg each validated against certified ground corn MIST). The instrumentation was an Elementar Vario-EL III elemental analyzer operated in CNS operating mode (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany).

The protein calibration equation was based on a library of 63 samples with a range of protein contents from 17.4% to 31.2%. An additional set of samples was analyzed for protein by elemental analysis (n=57) and scanned by NIRS in order to validate the protein prediction equation. The protein range of the validation set was from 16.8% to 31.2% and the standard error of prediction was 0.468%.

NIRS analysis of Arabidopsis seed was carried out on between 40-300 mg experimental sample. The oil and protein contents were predicted using the respective calibration equations.

Data obtained from NIRS analysis was analyzed statistically using a nearest-neighbor (N-N) analysis. The N-N analysis allows removal of within-block spatial variability in a fairly flexible fashion, which does not require prior knowledge of the pattern of variability in the chamber. Ideally, all hybrids are grown under identical experimental conditions within a block (rep). In reality, even in many block designs, significant within-block variability exists. Nearest-neighbor procedures are based on assumption that environmental effect of a plot is closely related to that of its neighbors. Nearest-neighbor methods use information from adjacent plots to adjust for within-block heterogeneity and so provide more precise estimates of treatment means and differences. If there is within-plot heterogeneity on a spatial scale that is larger than a single plot and smaller than the entire block, then yields from adjacent plots will be positively correlated. Information from neighboring plots can be used to reduce or remove the unwanted effect of the spatial heterogeneity, and hence improve the estimate of the treatment effect. Data from neighboring plots can also be used to reduce the influence of competition between adjacent plots. The Papadakis N-N analysis can be used with designs to remove within-block variability that would not be removed with the standard split plot analysis (Papadakis (1973) Inst. d'Amelior. Plantes Thessaloniki (Greece) Bull. Scientif. No. 23; Papadakis (1984) Proc. Acad. Athens 59: 326-342.

Experiments were performed to identify those transformants or knockouts that exhibited modified sugar-sensing. For such studies, seeds from transformants were germinated on media containing 5% glucose or 9.4% sucrose which normally partially restrict hypocotyl elongation. Plants with altered sugar sensing may have either longer or shorter hypocotyls than normal plants when grown on this media. Additionally, other plant traits may be varied such as root mass.

Experiments may be performed to identify those transformants or knockouts that exhibited an improved pathogen tolerance. For such studies, the transformants are exposed to biotropic fungal pathogens, such as Erysiphe orontii, and necrotropic fungal pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum. Fusarium oxysporum isolates cause vascular wilts and damping off of various annual vegetables, perennials and weeds (Mauch-Mani and Slusarenko (1994) Molec Plant-Microbe Interact. 7: 378-383). For Fusarium oxysporum experiments, plants are grown on Petri dishes and sprayed with a fresh spore suspension of F. oxysporum. The spore suspension is prepared as follows: A plug of fungal hyphae from a plate culture is placed on a fresh potato dextrose agar plate and allowed to spread for one week. Five ml sterile water is then added to the plate, swirled, and pipetted into 50 ml Armstrong Fusarium medium. Spores are grown overnight in Fusarium medium and then sprayed onto plants using a Preval paint sprayer. Plant tissue is harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen 48 hours post-infection.

Erysiphe orontii is a causal agent of powdery mildew. For Erysiphe orontii experiments, plants are grown approximately 4 weeks in a greenhouse under 12 hour light (20° C., ˜30% relative humidity (rh)). Individual leaves are infected with E. orontii spores from infected plants using a camel's hair brush, and the plants are transferred to a Percival growth chamber (20° C., 80% rh.). Plant tissue is harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen 7 days post-infection.

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen. Botrytis cinerea is grown on potato dextrose agar under 12 hour light (20° C., ˜30% relative humidity (rh)). A spore culture is made by spreading 10 ml of sterile water on the fungus plate, swirling and transferring spores to 10 ml of sterile water. The spore inoculum (approx. 105 spores/ml) is then used to spray 10 day-old seedlings grown under sterile conditions on MS (minus sucrose) media. Symptoms are evaluated every day up to approximately 1 week.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hyphal cultures are grown in potato dextrose broth. One gram of hyphae is ground, filtered, spun down and resuspended in sterile water. A 1:10 dilution is used to spray 10 day-old seedlings grown aseptically under a 12 hour light/dark regime on MS (minus sucrose) media. Symptoms are evaluated every day up to approximately 1 week.

Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola (Psm) strain 4326 and pv maculicola strain 4326 was inoculated by hand at two doses. Two inoculation doses allows the differentiation between plants with enhanced susceptibility and plants with enhanced resistance to the pathogen. Plants are grown for 3 weeks in the greenhouse, then transferred to the growth chamber for the remainder of their growth. Psm ES4326 may be hand inoculated with 1 ml syringe on 3 fully-expanded leaves per plant (4½ wk old), using at least 9 plants per overexpressing line at two inoculation doses, OD=0.005 and OD=0.0005. Disease scoring is performed at day 3 post-inoculation with pictures of the plants and leaves taken in parallel.

In some instances, expression patterns of the pathogen-induced genes (such as defense genes) may be monitored by microarray experiments. In these experiments, cDNAs are generated by PCR and resuspended at a final concentration of ˜100 ng/μl in 3×SSC or 150 mM Na-phosphate (Eisen and Brown (1999) Methods Enzymol. 303: 179-205). The cDNAs are spotted on microscope glass slides coated with polylysine. The prepared cDNAs are aliquoted into 384 well plates and spotted on the slides using, for example, an x-y-z gantry (OmniGrid) which may be purchased from GeneMachines (Menlo Park, Calif.) outfitted with quill type pins which may be purchased from Telechem International (Sunnyvale, Calif.). After spotting, the arrays are cured for a minimum of one week at room temperature, rehydrated and blocked following the protocol recommended by Eisen and Brown (1999; supra).

Sample total RNA (10 μg) samples are labeled using fluorescent Cy3 and Cy5 dyes. Labeled samples are resuspended in 4×SSC/0.03% SDS/4 μg salmon sperm DNA/2 μg tRNA/50 mM Na-pyrophosphate, heated for 95° C. for 2.5 minutes, spun down and placed on the array. The array is then covered with a glass coverslip and placed in a sealed chamber. The chamber is then kept in a water bath at 62° C. overnight. The arrays are washed as described in Eisen and Brown (1999, supra) and scanned on a General Scanning 3000 laser scanner. The resulting files are subsequently quantified using IMAGENE, software (BioDiscovery, Los Angeles Calif.).

RT-PCR experiments may be performed to identify those genes induced after exposure to biotropic fungal pathogens, such as Erysiphe orontii, necrotropic fungal pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum, bacteria, viruses and salicylic acid, the latter being involved in a nonspecific resistance response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Generally, the gene expression patterns from ground plant leaf tissue is examined.

Reverse transcriptase PCR was conducted using gene specific primers within the coding region for each sequence identified. The primers were designed near the 3′ region of each DNA binding sequence initially identified.

Total RNA from these ground leaf tissues was isolated using the CTAB extraction protocol. Once extracted total RNA was normalized in concentration across all the tissue types to ensure that the PCR reaction for each tissue received the same amount of cDNA template using the 28S band as reference. Poly(A+) RNA was purified using a modified protocol from the Qiagen OLIGOTEX purification kit batch protocol. cDNA was synthesized using standard protocols. After the first strand cDNA synthesis, primers for Actin 2 were used to normalize the concentration of cDNA across the tissue types. Actin 2 is found to be constitutively expressed in fairly equal levels across the tissue types being investigated.

For RT PCR, cDNA template was mixed with corresponding primers and Taq DNA polymerase. Each reaction consisted of 0.2 μl cDNA template, 2 μl 10× Tricine buffer, 2 μl 10× Tricine buffer and 16.8 μl water, 0.05 μl Primer 1, 0.05 μl, Primer 2, 0.3 μl Taq DNA polymerase and 8.6 μl water.

The 96 well plate is covered with microfilm and set in the thermocycler to start the reaction cycle. By way of illustration, the reaction cycle may comprise the following steps:

STEP 1: 93° C. FOR 3 MIN;

Step 2: 93° C. for 30 sec;

Step 3: 65° C. for 1 min;

Step 4: 72° C. for 2 min;

Steps 2, 3 and 4 are repeated for 28 cycles;

Step 5: 72° C. for 5 min; and

Step 6 4° C.

To amplify more products, for example, to identify genes that have very low expression, additional steps may be performed: The following method illustrates a method that may be used in this regard. The PCR plate is placed back in the thermocycler for 8 more cycles of steps 24.

Step 2 93° C. for 30 sec;

Step 3 65° C. for 1 min;

Step 4 72° C. for 2 min, repeated for 8 cycles; and

Step 5 4° C.

Eight microliters of PCR product and 1.5 μl of loading dye are loaded on a 1.2% agarose gel for analysis after 28 cycles and 36 cycles. Expression levels of specific transcripts are considered low if they were only detectable after 36 cycles of PCR. Expression levels are considered medium or high depending on the levels of transcript compared with observed transcript levels for an internal control such as actin2. Transcript levels are determined in repeat experiments and compared to transcript levels in control (e.g., non-transformed) plants.

Example VIII Identification of Homologous Sequences

This example describes identification of genes that are orthologous to Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors from a computer homology search.

Homologous sequences, including those of paralogs and orthologs from Arabidopsis and other plant species, were identified using database sequence search tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410; and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acid Res. 25: 3389-3402). The tblastx sequence analysis programs were employed using the BLOSUM-62 scoring matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 10915-10919). The entire NCBI GenBank database was filtered for sequences from all plants except Arabidopsis thaliana by selecting all entries in the NCBI GenBank database associated with NCBI taxonomic ID 33090 (Viridiplantae; all plants) and excluding entries associated with taxonomic ID 3701 (Arabidopsis thaliana).

These sequences are compared to sequences representing genes of SEQ ID NO: 2N−1, wherein N=1-229, using the Washington University TBLASTX algorithm (version 2.0a19MP) at the default settings using gapped alignments with the filter “off”. For each gene of SEQ ID NO: 2N−1, wherein N=1-229, individual comparisons were ordered by probability score (P-value), where the score reflects the probability that a particular alignment occurred by chance. For example, a score of 3.6e-40 is 3.6×10-40. In addition to P-values, comparisons were also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity reflects the degree to which two segments of DNA or protein are identical over a particular length. Examples of sequences so identified are presented in Table 10 and Table 12. Paralogous or orthologous sequences were readily identified and available in GenBank by Accession number (Table 10; Test sequence ID). The percent sequence identity among these sequences can be as low as 47%, or even lower sequence identity.

Candidate paralogous sequences were identified among Arabidopsis transcription factors through alignment, identity, and phylogenic relationships. A list of paralogs is shown in Table 12. Candidate orthologous sequences were identified from proprietary unigene sets of plant gene sequences in Zea mays, Glycine max and Oryza sativa based on significant homology to Arabidopsis transcription factors. These candidates were reciprocally compared to the set of Arabidopsis transcription factors. If the candidate showed maximal similarity in the protein domain to the eliciting transcription factor or to a paralog of the eliciting transcription factor, then it was considered to be an ortholog. Identified non-Arabidopsis sequences that were shown in this manner to be orthologous to the Arabidopsis sequences are provided in Table 10.

Example IX Identification of Orthologous and Paralogous Sequences

Orthologs to Arabidopsis genes may identified by several methods, including experimental methods such as hybridization and/or amplification. This example describes how one may identify equivalogs to the Arabidopsis AP2 family transcription factor CBF1 (polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: 1955, encoded polypeptide SEQ ID NO: 1956), which confers tolerance to abiotic stresses (Thomashow et al. (2002) U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,428), and an example to confirm the function of homologous sequences. In this example, orthologs to CBF1 were found in canola (Brassica napus) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Degenerate primers were designed for regions of AP2 binding domain and outside of the AP2 (carboxyl terminal domain): (SEQ ID NO: 2205) 5′- CAY CCN ATH TAY MGN GGN GT -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2206) 5′- GGN ARN ARC ATN CCY TCN GCC -3′

-   -   (Y: C/T, N: A/C/G/T, H: A/C/T, M: A/C, R: A/G)

Primer Mol 368 is in the AP2 binding domain of CBF1 (amino acid sequence: His-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Val) while primer Mol 378 is outside the AP2 domain (carboxyl terminal domain) (amino acid sequence: Met-Ala-Glu-Gly-Met-Leu-Leu-Pro).

The genomic DNA isolated from B. napus was PCR-amplified by using these primers following these conditions: an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 93° C.; 35 cycles of 93° C. for 1 min, 55° C. for 1 min, and 72° C. for 1 min; and a final incubation of 7 min at 72° C. at the end of cycling.

The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1.2% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membrane and hybridized with the AT CBF1 probe prepared from Arabidopsis genomic DNA by PCR amplification. The hybridized products were visualized by colorimetric detection system (Boehringer Mannheim) and the corresponding bands from a similar agarose gel were isolated using the Qiagen Extraction Kit (Qiagen). The DNA fragments were ligated into the TA clone vector from TOPO TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen) and transformed into E. coli strain TOP10 (Invitrogen).

Seven colonies were picked and the inserts were sequenced on an ABI 377 machine from both strands of sense and antisense after plasmid DNA isolation. The DNA sequence was edited by sequencer and aligned with the AtCBF1 by GCG software and NCBI blast searching.

The nucleic acid sequence and amino acid sequence of one canola ortholog found in this manner (bnCBF1; polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: 2203 and polypeptide SEQ ID NO: 2204) identified by this process is shown in the Sequence Listing.

The aligned amino acid sequences show that the bnCBF1 gene has 88% identity with the Arabidopsis sequence in the AP2 domain region and 85% identity with the Arabidopsis sequence outside the AP2 domain when aligned for two insertion sequences that are outside the AP2 domain.

Similarly, paralogous sequences to Arabidopsis genes, such as CBF1, may also be identified.

Two paralogs of CBF1 from Arabidopsis thaliana: CBF2 and CBF3. CBF2 and CBF3 have been cloned and sequenced as described below. The sequences of the DNA SEQ ID NO: 1957 and 1959 and encoded proteins SEQ ID NO: 1958 and 1960 are set forth in the Sequence Listing.

A lambda cDNA library prepared from RNA isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (Lin and Thomashow (1992) Plant Physiol. 99: 519-525) was screened for recombinant clones that carried inserts related to the CBF1 gene (Stockinger et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:1035-1040). CBF1 was ³²P-radiolabeled by random priming (Sambrook et al. (1998) supra) and used to screen the library by the plaque-lift technique using standard stringent hybridization and wash conditions (Hajela et al. (1990) Plant Physiol. 93:1246-1252; Sambrook et al. (1998) supra) 6×SSPE buffer, 60° C. for hybridization and 0.1×SSPE buffer and 60° C. for washes). Twelve positively hybridizing clones were obtained and the DNA sequences of the cDNA inserts were determined. The results indicated that the clones fell into three classes. One class carried inserts corresponding to CBF1. The two other classes carried sequences corresponding to two different homologs of CBF1, designated CBF2 and CBF3. The nucleic acid sequences and predicted protein coding sequences for Arabidopsis CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 are listed in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NOs: 1955, 1957, 1959 and SEQ ID NOs: 1956, 1958, 1960, respectively). The nucleic acid sequences and predicted protein coding sequence for Brassica napus CBF ortholog is listed in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NOs: 2203 and 2204, respectively).

A comparison of the nucleic acid sequences of Arabidopsis CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 indicate that they are 83 to 85% identical as shown in Table 14. TABLE 14 Percent identity^(a) DNA^(b) Polypeptide cbf1/cbf2 85 86 cbf1/cbf3 83 84 cbf2/cbf3 84 85 ^(a)Percent identity was determined using the Clustal algorithm from the Megalign program (DNASTAR, Inc.). ^(b)Comparisons of the nucleic acid sequences of the open reading frames are shown.

Similarly, the amino acid sequences of the three CBF polypeptides range from 84 to 86% identity. An alignment of the three amino acidic sequences reveals that most of the differences in amino acid sequence occur in the acidic C-terminal half of the polypeptide. This region of CBF1 serves as an activation domain in both yeast and Arabidopsis (not shown).

Residues 47 to 106 of CBF1 correspond to the AP2 domain of the protein, a DNA binding motif that to date, has only been found in plant proteins. A comparison of the AP2 domains of CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 indicates that there are a few differences in amino acid sequence. These differences in amino acid sequence might have an effect on DNA binding specificity.

Example X Screen of Plant cDNA Library for Sequence Encoding a Transcription Factor DNA Binding Domain that Binds to a Transcription Factor Binding Promoter Element and Demonstration of Protein Transcription Regulation Activity

The “one-hybrid” strategy (Li and Herskowitz (1993) Science 262: 1870-1874) is used to screen for plant cDNA clones encoding a polypeptide comprising a transcription factor DNA binding domain, a conserved domain. In brief, yeast strains are constructed that contain a lacZ reporter gene with either wild-type or mutant transcription factor binding promoter element sequences in place of the normal UAS (upstream activator sequence) of the GALL promoter. Yeast reporter strains are constructed that carry transcription factor binding promoter element sequences as UAS elements are operably linked upstream (5′) of a lacZ reporter gene with a minimal GAL1 promoter. The strains are transformed with a plant expression library that contains random cDNA inserts fused to the GAL4 activation domain (GAL4-ACT) and screened for blue colony formation on X-gal-treated filters (X-gal: 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside; Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad Calif.). Alternatively, the strains are transformed with a cDNA polynucleotide encoding a known transcription factor DNA binding domain polypeptide sequence.

Yeast strains carrying these reporter constructs produce low levels of beta-galactosidase and form white colonies on filters containing X-gal. The reporter strains carrying wild-type transcription factor binding promoter element sequences are transformed with a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising a plant transcription factor DNA binding domain operably linked to the acidic activator domain of the yeast GAL4 transcription factor, “GAL4-ACT”. The clones that contain a polynucleotide encoding a transcription factor DNA binding domain operably linked to GLA4-ACT can bind upstream of the lacZ reporter genes carrying the wild-type transcription factor binding promoter element sequence, activate transcription of the lacZ gene and result in yeast forming blue colonies on X-gal-treated filters.

Upon screening about 2×10⁶ yeast transformants, positive cDNA clones are isolated; i.e., clones that cause yeast strains carrying lacZ reporters operably linked to wild-type transcription factor binding promoter elements to form blue colonies on X-gal-treated filters. The cDNA clones do not cause a yeast strain carrying a mutant type transcription factor binding promoter elements fused to LacZ to turn blue. Thus, a polynucleotide encoding transcription factor DNA binding domain, a conserved domain, is shown to activate transcription of a gene.

Example XI Gel Shift Assays

The presence of a transcription factor comprising a DNA binding domain which binds to a DNA transcription factor binding element is evaluated using the following gel shift assay. The transcription factor is recombinantly expressed and isolated from E. coli or isolated from plant material. Total soluble protein, including transcription factor, (40 ng) is incubated at room temperature in 10 μl of 1× binding buffer (15 mM HEPES (pH 7.9), 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM KCl, 5% glycerol, 5% bovine serum albumin, 1 mM DTD) plus 50 ng poly(dl-dC):poly(dl-dC) (Pharmacia, Piscataway N.J.) with or without 100 ng competitor DNA. After 10 minutes incubation, probe DNA comprising a DNA transcription factor binding element (1 ng) that has been ³²P-labeled by end-filling (Sambrook et al. (1989) supra) is added and the mixture incubated for an additional 10 minutes. Samples are loaded onto polyacrylamide gels (4% w/v) and fractionated by electrophoresis at 150V for 2 h (Sambrook et al. (1998) supra). The degree of transcription factor-probe DNA binding is visualized using autoradiography. Probes and competitor DNAs are prepared from oligonucleotide inserts ligated into the BamHI site of pUC118 (Vieira et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153: 3-11). Orientation and concatenation number of the inserts are determined by dideoxy DNA sequence analysis (Sambrook et al. (1998) supra). Inserts are recovered after restriction digestion with EcoRI and HindIII and fractionation on polyacrylamide gels (12% w/v) (Sambrook et al. (1998) supra).

Example XII Introduction of Polynucleotides into Dicotyledonous Plants

Transcription factor sequences listed in the Sequence Listing recombined into pMEN20 or pMEN65 expression vectors are transformed into a plant for the purpose of modifying plant traits. The cloning vector may be introduced into a variety of cereal plants by means well known in the art such as, for example, direct DNA transfer or Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. It is now routine to produce transgenic plants using most dicot plants (see Weissbach and Weissbach, (1989) supra; Gelvin et al. (1990) supra; Herrera-Estrella et al. (1983) supra; Bevan (1984) supra; and Klee (1985) supra). Methods for analysis of traits are routine in the art and examples are disclosed above.

Example XIII Examples of Genes that Confer Significant Improvements to Plants

Experiments were performed to identify those transformants or knockouts that exhibited a morphological difference relative to wild-type control plants, i.e., a modified structure and/or development characteristics. For such studies, the transformants were observed by eye to identify novel structural or developmental characteristics associated with the ectopic expression of the polynucleotides or polypeptides of the invention. Examples of genes and equivalogs that confer significant improvements to overexpressing plants are noted below. Experimental observations made with regard to specific genes whose expression has been modified in overexpressing plants, and potential applications based on these observations, are also presented.

Modified phenotypes observed for particular overexpressor or knockout plants are provided in Table 7. For a particular overexpressor that shows a less beneficial characteristic, it may be more useful to select a plant with a decreased expression of the particular transcription factor. For a particular knockout that shows a less beneficial characteristic, it may be more useful to select a plant with an increased expression of the particular transcription factor.

Table 7 provides exemplary polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention. The sequences of the Sequence Listing or those in Tables 7-11, or those disclosed here, can be used to prepare transgenic plants and plants with altered traits. The specific transgenic plants listed below are produced from the sequences of the Sequence Listing as noted. A number of genes and homologs that confer significant improvements to knockout or overexpressing plants were noted below. Experimental observations made with regard to specific genes whose expression was modified in overexpressing or knockout plants, and potential applications based on these observations, were also presented. As noted in the results of the plate-based physiology assays presented in the tables of this Example, a representative number of sequences from diverse plant species conferred various levels of increased stress tolerance in a range of abiotic stress assays, as noted below. Observed effects of overexpression on flowering time are also noted in the text below. These comparable effects indicate that sequences found within specific clades or subclades are functionally related and can be used to confer various types of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. A number of these genes concurrently confer tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.

Salt stress assays are intended to find genes that confer better germination, seedling vigor or growth in high salt. Evaporation from the soil surface causes upward water movement and salt accumulation in the upper soil layer where the seeds are placed. Thus, germination normally takes place at a salt concentration much higher than the mean salt concentration of in the whole soil profile. Plants differ in their tolerance to NaCl depending on their stage of development, therefore seed germination, seedling vigor, and plant growth responses are evaluated.

Osmotic stress assays (including NaCl and mannitol assays) are intended to determine if an osmotic stress phenotype is NaCl-specific or if it is a general osmotic stress related phenotype. Plants tolerant to osmotic stress could also have more tolerance to drought and/or freezing.

Drought assays are intended to find genes that mediate better plant survival after short-term, severe water deprivation. Ion leakage will be measured if needed. Osmotic stress tolerance would also support a drought tolerant phenotype.

Temperature stress assays are intended to find genes that confer better germination, seedling vigor or plant growth under temperature stress (cold, freezing and heat).

Sugar sensing assays are intended to find genes involved in sugar sensing by germinating seeds on high concentrations of sucrose and glucose and looking for degrees of hypocotyl elongation. The germination assay on mannitol controls for responses related to osmotic stress. Sugars are key regulatory molecules that affect diverse processes in higher plants including germination, growth, flowering, senescence, sugar metabolism and photosynthesis. Sucrose is the major transport form of photosynthate and its flux through cells has been shown to affect gene expression and alter storage compound accumulation in seeds (source-sink relationships). Glucose-specific hexose-sensing has also been described in plants and is implicated in cell division and repression of “famine” genes (photosynthetic or glyoxylate cycles).

Germination assays followed modifications of the same basic protocol. Sterile seeds were sown on the conditional media listed below. Plates were incubated at 22° C. under 24-hour light (120-130 μEin/m²/s) in a growth chamber. Evaluation of germination and seedling vigor was conducted 3 to 15 days after planting. The basal media was 80% Murashige-Skoog medium (MS)+vitamins.

For salt and osmotic stress germination experiments, the medium was supplemented with 150 mM NaCl or 300 mM mannitol. Growth regulator sensitivity assays were performed in MS media, vitamins, and either 0.3 μM ABA, 9.4% sucrose, or 5% glucose.

Temperature stress cold germination experiments were carried out at 8° C. Heat stress germination experiments were conducted at 32° C. to 37° C. for 6 hours of exposure.

For stress experiments conducted with more mature plants, seeds were germinated and grown for seven days on MS+vitamins+1% sucrose at 22° C. and then transferred to chilling and heat stress conditions. The plants were either exposed to chilling stress (6 hour exposure to 4-8° C.), or heat stress (32° C. was applied for five days, after which the plants were transferred back 22° C. for recovery and evaluated after 5 days relative to controls not exposed to the depressed or elevated temperature).

Soil-based drought screens were performed with Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the transcription factors listed in the Sequence Listing, where noted below. Seeds from wild-type Arabidopsis plants, or plants overexpressing a polypeptide of the invention, were stratified for three days at 4° C. in 0.1% agarose. Fourteen seeds of each overexpressor or wild-type were then sown in three inch clay pots containing a 50:50 mix of vermiculite:perlite topped with a small layer of MetroMix 200 and grown for fifteen days under 24 hr light. Pots containing wild-type and overexpressing seedlings were placed in flats in random order. Drought stress was initiated by placing pots on absorbent paper for seven to eight days. The seedlings were considered to be sufficiently stressed when the majority of the pots containing wild-type seedlings within a flat had become severely wilted. Pots were then re-watered and survival was scored four to seven days later. Plants were ranked against wild-type controls for each of two criteria: tolerance to the drought conditions and recovery (survival) following re-watering

At the end of the initial drought period, each pot was assigned a numeric value score depending on the above criteria. A low value was assigned to plants with an extremely poor appearance (i.e., the plants were uniformly brown) and a high value given to plants that were rated very healthy in appearance (i.e., the plants were all green). After the plants were rewatered and incubated an additional four to seven days, the plants were reevaluated to indicate the degree of recovery from the water deprivation treatment.

An analysis was then conducted to determine which plants best survived water deprivation, identifying the transgenes that consistently conferred drought-tolerant phenotypes and their ability to recover from this treatment. The analysis was performed by comparing overall and within-flat tabulations with a set of statistical models to account for variations between batches. Several measures of survival were tabulated, including: (a) the average proportion of plants surviving relative to wild-type survival within the same flat; (b) the median proportion surviving relative to wild-type survival within the same flat; (c) the overall average survival (taken over all batches, flats, and pots); (d) the overall average survival relative to the overall wild-type survival; and (e) the average visual score of plant health before rewatering.

Flowering time was measured by the number of rosette leaves present when a visible inflorescence of approximately 3 cm is apparent. Rosette and total leaf number on the progeny stem are tightly correlated with the timing of flowering (Koornneef et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 229: 57-66). The vernalization response was also measured. For vernalization treatments, seeds were sown to MS agar plates, sealed with micropore tape, and placed in a 4° C. cold room with low light levels for 6-8 weeks. The plates were then transferred to the growth rooms alongside plates containing freshly sown non-vernalized controls. Rosette leaves were counted when a visible inflorescence of approximately 3 cm was apparent.

Results:

Empty cells found in the tables in this Example indicate that results have not yet been obtained for that particular stress experiment. Abbreviations used in the tables in this example include:

-   -   (++) Substantially enhanced performance compared to controls.         The phenotype was very consistent and growth was much greater         than the normal levels of variability observed for that assay.     -   (+) Enhanced performance compared to controls. The response was         consistently above the normal levels of variability observed for         that assay.     -   (wt) response similar to wild-type; and     -   (germ.) germination.         G9 (SEQ ID NO: 1949 and 1950)

G9 is a putative paralog of G867, and has been referenced in the public literature as RAP2.8 and RAV2 (Okamuro et al. (1997) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 7076-7081; Kagaya et al. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27: 470-478). No genetic analysis of the locus has yet been published.

Experimental Observations

We have previously observed that G9 overexpression enhanced root growth. The aim of the present study was to re-assess 35S::G9 lines and determine whether overexpression of the gene could confer enhanced stress tolerance in a comparable manner to G867. We also sought to test whether use of a two-component overexpression system would produce any strengthening of the phenotype relative to the use of a 35S direct promoter-fusion.

New overexpression lines have been obtained using both a direct promoter fusion construct and a two component expression system. Lines generated by either of these methods exhibited similar phenotypes and displayed a number of morphological effects that had not been observed during our earlier genomics screens. These included a reduction in overall size, alterations in leaf orientation (which potentially indicated a disruption in circadian control), slow growth, and floral abnormalities relative to controls.

We have tested the 35S::G9 two-component and direct-fusion lines under a variety of plate based treatments. All of the direct fusion lines and most of the two-component lines out-performed controls in a germination assay on sodium chloride plates. In addition, many of these lines also showed positive phenotypes when germinated on sucrose, and ABA, as well as in a growth assay under cold conditions.

It should be emphasized that we have obtained comparable developmental effects as well as a strong enhancement of drought related stress tolerance in 35S::G867 lines and in overexpression lines for the other two putative paralogs, G1930 and G993. The almost identical phenotypic effects observed for the four genes strongly suggest that they are functionally equivalent. TABLE 15 G9 35S, Direct promoter-fusion and 2-components-suppTfn Germ. Germ. in in high high Germ Germ Growth Line Transformation NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 302 Direct- + wt + wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 304 Direct- + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 305 Direct- ++ wt + wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 306 Direct- + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 307 Direct- + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 310 Direct- + wt + ++ wt wt wt wt + fusion 311 Direct- ++ wt + wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 312 Direct- ++ wt wt + wt wt wt wt + fusion 313 Direct- + wt + + wt wt wt wt + fusion 318 Direct- ++ wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 483 2-comp wt wt + + wt 485 2-comp + wt wt wt wt 486 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt 488 2-comp + wt + ++ wt 489 2-comp + wt wt ++ wt 490 2-comp wt wt + ++ wt 491 2-comp wt wt + ++ wt 493 2-comp wt wt + ++ wt 494 2-comp + wt wt ++ wt 498 2-comp + wt + ++ wt Potential Applications

Based on the results of these abiotic stress assays, G867 and related genes such as G9 are excellent candidate genes for improvement of drought and cold-related stress tolerance in commercial species. The morphological effects associated with their overexpression suggests that tissue-specific or conditional promoters might be used to optimize the utility of these genes.

G19 (SEQ ID NO: 3 and 5)

Published Information

G19 belongs to the EREBP subfamily of transcription factors and contains only one AP2 domain. G19 corresponds to the previously described gene RAP2.3 (Okamuro et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:7076-7081). Close inspection of the Arabidopsis cDNA sequences of RAP2.3 (AF003096; Okamuro et al. (1997) supra), AtEBP (Y09942; Buttner et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:5961-5966), and ATCADINP (Z37504) suggests that they may correspond to the same gene (Riechmann et al. (1998) Biol. Chem. 379:633-646). G19/RAP2.3 is ubiquitously expressed (Okamuro et al. (1997) supra). AtEBP was isolated by virtue of the protein-protein interaction between AtEBP and OBF4, a basic-region leucine zipper transcription factor (Buttner et al. (1997) supra). AtEBP expression levels in seedlings were increased after treatment with ethylene (ethephon) (Buttner et al. (1997) supra). AtEBP was found to bind to GCC-box containing sequences, like that of the PRB-1b promoter (Buttner et al. (1997) supra). It has been suggested that the interaction between AtEBP and OBF4 reflects cross-coupling between EREBP and bZIP transcription factors that might be important in regulating gene expression during the plant defense response (Buttner et al. (1997) supra).

Experimental Observations

Transgenic plants in which G19 is expressed under the control of the 35S promoter were morphologically similar to control plants. G19 is constitutively expressed in the different tissues examined; however G19 expression was significantly repressed by methyl jasmonate (MeJ) and induced by ACC (this latter result correlates with the previously described increase in G19 expression levels in seedlings after treatment with ethylene (ethephon); Buttner et al. (1997) supra). G19 was significantly induced upon infection by the fungal pathogen Erysiphe orontii. In addition, G19 overexpressing plants were more tolerant to infection with a moderate dose of Erysiphe orontii. G19 overexpressing plants were also tested for their tolerance to two other pathogens, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae; the transgenic plants were not found to have altered susceptibility to the pathogens.

Both the jasmonic acid and the ethylene signal transduction pathways were involved in the regulation of the defense response and the wound response, and the two pathways have been found to interact synergistically. The regulation of G19 expression by both hormones, its induction upon Erysiphe orontii infection, as well as the preliminary data indicating that increased tolerance to that pathogen was conferred by G19 overexpression, suggest that G19 plays a role in the control of the defense and/or wound response. It would be of interest to test G19 overexpressing plants in insect-plant interaction experiments. The increase in tolerance to Erysiphe orontii that is conferred by G19 overexpression can be tested using other races of the pathogen. It would also be of interest to test other pathogens in addition to Erysiphe orontii, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pseudomonas syringae.

Since G19 was expressed at significant levels in a constitutive fashion, similar experiments to those described here can be performed with G19 knockout mutant plants to further elucidate the function of this gene.

Potential Applications

G19 or its equivalogs can be used to manipulate the plant defense-wound- or insect-response, as well as the jasmonic acid and ethylene signal transduction pathways themselves.

G22 (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 6)

Published Information

G22 was identified in the sequence of BAC T13E15 (gene T13E15.5) by The Institute of Genomic Research (TIGR) as a “TINY transcription factor isolog”. G22 belongs to the EREBP subfamily and contains only one AP2 domain, and phylogenetic analyses place G22 relatively close to other EREBP subfamily genes, such as, TINY and ATDL4400C (Riechmann et al. (1998) Biol. Chem. 379:633-646).

Experimental Observations

G22 was constitutively expressed at medium levels. There appeared to be no phenotypic alteration on plant morphology upon G22 overexpression. Plants ectopically overexpressing G22 were more tolerant to high NaCl containing media in a root growth assay compared with wild-type controls.

Potential Applications

G22 or its equivalogs can be used to increase plant tolerance to soil salinity during germination, at the seedling stage, or throughout the plant life cycle. Salt tolerance is a particularly desirable phenotype during the germination stage of a crop plant, which would impact survivability and yield.

G28 (SEQ ID NO: 9 and 10)

Published Information

G28 corresponds to AtERF1 (GenBank accession number AB008103) (Fujimoto et al. (2000) Plant Cell 12:393-404). G28 appears as gene AT4g17500 in the annotated sequence of Arabidopsis chromosome 4 (AL161546.2).

AtERF1 has been shown to have GCC-box binding activity [some defense-related genes that were induced by ethylene were found to contain a short cis-acting element known as the GCC-box: AGCCGCC (Ohme et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:941-946)]. Using transient assays in Arabidopsis leaves, AtERF1 was found to be able to act as a GCC-box sequence specific transactivator (Fujimoto et al. (2000) supra).

AtERF1 expression has been described to be induced by ethylene (two- to three-fold increase in AtERF1 transcript levels 12 h after ethylene treatment) (Fujimoto et al. (2000) supra). In the ein2 mutant, the expression of AtERF1 was not induced by ethylene, suggesting that the ethylene induction of AtERF1 is regulated under the ethylene signaling pathway (Fujimoto et al. (2000) supra). AtERF1 expression was also induced by wounding, but not by other abiotic stresses (such as cold, salinity, or drought) (Fujimoto et al. (2000) supra).

It has been suggested that AtERFs, in general, may act as transcription factors for stress-responsive genes, and that the GCC-box may act as a cis-regulatory element for biotic and abiotic stress signal transduction in addition to its role as an ethylene responsive element (ERE) (Fujimoto et al. (2000) supra), but there is no data available on the physiological functions of AtERF1.

Experimental Observations

The function of G28 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which this gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. G28 overexpressing lines were more tolerant to infection with a moderate dose of the fungal pathogen Erysiphe orontii. G28 overexpression did not seem to have detrimental effects on plant growth or vigor, since plants from most of the lines were morphologically wild-type. In addition, no difference was detected between those lines and the corresponding wild-type controls in all the biochemical assays that were performed.

G28 was ubiquitously expressed. G28 overexpressing lines were also more tolerant to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. In a repeat experiment using individual lines, all three lines analyzed showed tolerance to S. sclerotiorum, and two of the three lines tested were more tolerant to B cinerea.

Potential Applications

G28 transgenic plants had an altered response to fungal pathogens, in that those plants were more tolerant to the pathogens. Therefore, G28 or its equivalogs can be used to manipulate the defense response in order to generate pathogen-resistant plants.

G47 (SEQ ID NO: 11 and 12)

Published Information

G47 corresponds to gene T22J18.2 (AAC25505).

Experimental Observations

G47 expression levels can be altered by environmental conditions, in particular reduced by salt and osmotic stresses.

The function of G47 was studied using transgenic plants in which the gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. 35S::G47 plants showed enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress. In a root growth assay on PEG containing media, G47 overexpressing transgenic seedlings were larger and had more root growth compared with the wild-type controls. G47 overexpressors also were significantly more drought tolerant than wild-type control plants in a soil-based assay.

Overexpression of G47 also produced a substantial delay in flowering time and caused a marked change in shoot architecture. 35S::G47 transform-ants were small at early stages and switched to flowering more than a week later than wild-type controls (continuous light conditions). The inflorescences from these plants appeared thick and fleshy, had reduced apical dominance, and exhibited reduced internode elongation leading to a short compact stature. The branching pattern of the stems also appeared abnormal, with the primary shoot becoming “kinked” at each coflorescence node. Additionally, the plants showed reduced fertility and formed rather small siliques that were borne on short pedicels and held vertically, close against the stem.

Additional alterations were detected in the inflorescence stems of 35S::G47 plants. Stem sections from T2-21 and T2-24 plants were of wider diameter, and had large irregular vascular bundles containing a much greater number of xylem vessels than wild type. Furthermore, some of the xylem vessels within the bundles appeared narrow and were possibly more lignified than were those of controls.

G47 was expressed at higher levels in rosette leaves, and transcripts were detected in other tissues (flower, embryo, silique, and germinating seedling), but not in roots.

Potential Applications

G47 or its equivalogs can be used to manipulate flowering time, to modify plant architecture and stem structure (including development of vascular tissues and lignin content) and to improve plant performance under osmotic stress and drought conditions.

Transcription factor equivalogs that modulate lignin content can be valuable. This modulation can allow the quality of wood used for furniture or construction to be improved. Lignin is energy rich; increasing lignin composition is valuable in raising the energy content of wood used for fuel. Conversely, the pulp and paper industries seek wood with a reduced lignin content. Currently, lignin must be removed in a costly process that involves the use of many polluting chemicals. Consequently, lignin is a serious barrier to efficient pulp and paper production. In addition to forest biotechnology applications, changing lignin content can increase the palatability of various fruits and vegetables.

G226 (SEQ ID NO: 37 and 38)

Published Information

G226 was identified from the Arabidopsis BAC sequence, AC002338, based on its sequence similarity within the conserved domain to other Myb family members in Arabidopsis. To date, there is no published information regarding the function of this gene.

Experimental Observations

The function of G226 was analyzed through its ectopic overexpression in plants. G226 overexpressors were more tolerant to low nitrogen and high salt stress. They showed more root growth and possibly more root hairs under conditions of nitrogen limitation compared with wild-type controls. Many plants were glabrous and lacked anthocyanin production when under stress such as growth conditions of low nitrogen and high salt. Several G226 overexpressors were glabrous and produce less anthocyanin under stress; these effects might be due to binding site competition with other Myb family transcription factors involved in these functions and not directly related to the primary function of this gene.

Results from the biochemical analysis of G226 overexpressors suggested that one line had higher amounts of seed protein, which could have been a result of increased nitrogen uptake by these plants.

A microarray experiment was done on a separate G226 overexpressing line. The G226 sequence itself was overexpressed 16-fold above wild type, however, very few changes in other gene expression were observed in this line. On the array, a chlorate/nitrate transporter DNA sequence was induced 2.7-fold over wild type, which could explain the low nitrogen tolerant phenotype of the plants and the increased amounts of seed protein in one of the lines. The same DNA sequence was present several times on the array and in all cases the DNA sequence showed induction, adding more validity to the data. Five other genes/DNA sequences induced but had unknown function. A methyltransferase, a pollen-specific protein, and a zinc binding peroxisomal membrane protein encoding sequences were also induced, however their role in regard to the phenotype of the plants is not known. TABLE 16 G226 35S, 2-components supTfn Germ. Germ. in G682- in high high Germ Germ Growth like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling morph. 308 wt wt ++ + wt wt wt wt wt + 309 wt wt wt + wt + wt wt + + 313 wt wt ++ ++ wt + wt wt + + 316 wt wt ++ ++ wt wt wt wt wt + 318 wt wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt + 381 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 383 wt wt + + wt wt wt wt wt + 583 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt + 585 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The results of these abiotic stress tolerance assays indicate that G682 and related genes such as G226 may be used to improve drought and cold-related stress tolerance in plants.

The utilities of a gene or its equivalogs conferring tolerance to conditions of low nitrogen include: (1) Cost savings to the farmer by reducing the amounts of fertilizer needed; (2) Environmental benefits of reduced fertilizer runoff; (3) Improved yield and stress tolerance. In addition, G226 can be used to increase seed protein amounts and/or composition, which may impact yield as well as the nutritional value and production of various food products.

G682 and related genes such as G226 can be used to alter trichome number and distribution in plants. Trichome glands on the surface of many higher plants produce and secrete exudates, which give protection from the elements and pests such as insects, microbes and herbivores. These exudates may physically immobilize insects and spores, may be insecticidal or antimicrobial or they may allergens or irritants to protect against herbivores. It has also been suggested that trichomes may decrease transpiration by decreasing leaf surface airflow, and by exuding chemicals that protect the leaf from the sun.

The reduction in size that was apparent in these lines suggests that the utility of G226 might be optimized by use of different promoters or protein modifications.

G353 (SEQ ID NO: 59 and 60)

Published Information

G353 was identified in the sequence of P1 clone MMN10, GenBank accession number AB0154751, released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. G353 corresponds to RHL41 (Kazuoka et al. (2000) Plant J. 24:191-203) and Zat12 (Meissner et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 33:615-624). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing the RHL41 gene showed an increased tolerance to high-intensity light, and also morphological changes of thicker and dark green leaves. The palisade parenchyma was highly developed in the leaves of the transgenic plants. Anthocyanin content, as well as the chlorophyll content, also increased. Antisense transgenic plants exhibited decreased tolerance to high irradiation. RHL41 protein may play a key role in the acclimatization response to changes in light intensity.

Experimental Observations

G353 was uniformly expressed in all tissues and under all conditions tested in RT-PCR experiments. The highest level of expression was observed in rosette leaves, embryos, and siliques.

The function of this gene was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G353 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Overexpression of G353 in resulted in enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress and drought tolerance in a soil-based assay.

Overexpression also affected flower morphology to a significant degree. 35S::G353 plants had a reduction in flower pedicel length, and downward pointing siliques. This phenotype was very similar to that described for the brevipedicellus (bp) mutant (Koornneef et al. (1983) J. Hered. 74:265-272) and in overexpression of a related gene, G354. Other morphological changes in shoots were also observed in 35S::G353 plants. Leaves had short petioles, were rather flat, rounded, and sometimes showed changes in coloration. These effects were observed in varying degrees in the majority of transformants. Severely affected plants were tiny, had contorted leaves, poor fertility, and produced few seeds. Overexpression of G353 in Arabidopsis resulted in an increase in seed glucosinolate M39494 in two T2 lines.

Potential Applications

G353 or its equivalogs can be used to alter inflorescence structure, which may have value in production of novel ornamental plants.

G353 or its equivalogs can be used to alter a plant's response to water deficit conditions and, therefore, be used to engineer plants with enhanced tolerance to drought, salt stress, and freezing.

Increases or decreases in specific glucosinolates or total glucosinolate content may be desirable depending upon the particular application. For example: (1) Glucosinolates are undesirable components of the oilseeds used in animal feed, since they produce toxic effects. Low-glucosinolate varieties of canola have been developed to combat this problem; (2) Some glucosinolates have anti-cancer activity; thus, increasing the levels or composition of these compounds might be of interest from a nutraceutical standpoint; (3) Glucosinolates form part of a plants natural defense against insects; modification of glucosinolate composition or quantity could therefore afford increased protection from predators; furthermore, in edible crops, tissue specific promoters might be used to ensure that these compounds accumulate specifically in tissues, such as the epidermis, which are not taken for consumption.

G354 (SEQ ID NO: 61 and 62)

Published Information

G354 was identified in the sequence of BAC clone F12M12, GenBank accession number AL355775, released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. G354 corresponds to ZAT7 (Meissner et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 33:615-624).

Experimental Observations

Greatest levels of expression of G354 were observed in rosette leaves, embryos, and siliques. Some expression of G354 was also observed in flowers.

The function of this gene was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G353 was overexpressed under the control of the 35S promoter. 35S::G354 plants had a reduction in flower pedicel length, and downward pointing siliques. This phenotype was very similar to that described for the brevipedicellus (bp) mutant Koornneef et al. (1983) J. Hered. 74:265-272) and in overexpression of a related gene, G353. Other morphological changes in shoots were also observed in 35S::G354 plants. Many 35S::G354 seedlings had abnormal cotyledons, elongated, thickened hypocotyls, and short roots. The majority of T1 plants had a very extreme phenotype, were tiny, and arrested development without forming inflorescences. T1 plants showing more moderate effects had poor seed yield.

Overexpression of G354 in Arabidopsis resulted in seedlings with an altered response to light. In darkness, G354 seedlings failed to etiolate. The phenotype was most severe in seedlings from one line where overexpression of the transgene resulted in reduced open and greenish cotyledons.

Potential Applications

G354 or its equivalogs can be used to alter inflorescence structure, which may have value in production of novel ornamental plants.

G354 modifies the light response and thus G354 or its equivalogs may be useful for modifying plant growth or development, for example, photomorphogenesis in poor light, or accelerating flowering time in response to various light intensities, quality or duration to which a non-transformed plant would not similarly respond. Elimination of shading responses may lead to increased planting densities with subsequent yield enhancement.

G481 (SEQ ID NO: 87 and 88)

Published Information

G481 is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family, and is equivalent to AtHAP3a which was identified by Edwards et al. ((1998) Plant Physiol. 117:1015-1022) as an EST with extensive sequence homology to the yeast HAP3. Northern blot data from five different tissue samples indicated that G481 was primarily expressed in flower and/or silique, and root tissue.

Experimental Observations

We have now generated additional sets of 35S lines for G481 using the two component system. Two batches of 2-component 35S lines were obtained (lines 301-320 and 741-751). The majority of plants from these T1 sets displayed no consistent difference in morphology to wild-type controls. However, a number of individuals were observed to be late flowering (#305, 310, 315, 744, 748) under the conditions of continuous light.

To confirm the above phenotype, a selection of T2 lines were examined under 24-hour light conditions; late flowering was also observed in that generation in a significant number of these plants, as detailed below:

T2-303: 6/6 plants were slightly late flowering (approximately 2-3 days after controls).

T2-307: 4/6 plants were slightly late flowering (approximately 2-3 days after controls), 2/6 appeared wild type.

T2-309: 4/6 plants were slightly late flowering (approximately 2-3 days after controls), 2/6 appeared wild type.

T2-310: 6/6 plants were moderately late flowering (1-2 weeks after controls).

T2-312: 6/6 plants were moderately late flowering (approximately 1 week after controls).

T2-741: 6/6 plants appeared wild-type.

T2-742: 6/6 plants appeared wild-type.

T2-744: 6/6 plants appeared wild-type.

In addition to analyzing these two component lines, we also re-examined some of the 35S::G481 lines that we had generated during our genomics screens. 35S::G481 line 3 was back-crossed to wild-type and F1 plants were examined. 18/18 of these F1 plants showed a moderate delay in the onset of flowering by about 1-2 weeks.

Of the ten two-component lines submitted for physiological assays, the following showed a segregation on selection plates in the T2 generation that was compatible with the transgene being present at a single locus: 304, 309, 312, 317, 741, 748. Lines 305, 315, 318, 742 showed segregations that were compatible with insertions at multiple loci.

In plate-based physiology assays, tolerance was seen to drought related stress: four of ten two-component lines tested were less sensitive in the ABA germination assay, and two of these lines also displayed cold tolerance in a germination assay.

G481 overexpressing plants were found to be more tolerant to drought in a soil-based assay. TABLE 17 G481 35S, 2-components-supertransformation (supTfn) Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 304 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt 305 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 312 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt 315 wt wt wt + wt + wt wt wt 317 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 318 wt wt wt + wt + wt wt wt 741 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 744 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 748 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of these latest overexpression studies confirm our earlier conclusion that G481 and its equivalogs are excellent candidates for improvement of drought related stress tolerance in commercial species. Additionally, G481 related genes could also be used to manipulate flowering time.

G482 (SEQ ID NO: 89 and 90)

Published Information

G482 is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family, and is equivalent to AtHAP3b which was identified by Edwards et al. ((1998) Plant Physiol. 117:1015-1022) as an EST with homology to the yeast gene HAP3b. Edwards' northern blot data suggests that AtHAP3b is expressed primarily in roots. No other functional information regarding G482 is publicly available.

Experimental Observations

RT-PCR analysis of endogenous levels of G482 transcripts indicated that this gene was expressed constitutively in all tissues tested. A cDNA array experiment supported the RT-PCR derived tissue distribution data. G482 was not induced above basal levels in response to any environmental stress treatments tested.

We have now generated 35S lines for G482 using the two component system; two batches of T1 lines (321-341 and 341-360) were examined and many of the plants showed a striking acceleration of flowering (1-2 weeks sooner than wild-type) under 24 hour light conditions.

The early flowering effect was seen in 10/20 lines from the 321-341 set (#323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336) and 7/20 lines from the 341-360 set (#341, 351, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360). Comparable effects on flowering time were also seen in each of three T2 populations (329, 330, 333) that were morphologically examined. In addition to the accelerated flowering, the majority of 35S::G482 lines also displayed a slight reduction in overall size; in fact a number of lines were very small (#321, 328, 331, 338, 339, 340 and #342, 344, 345, 349, 350) and did not survive to maturity.

All of the two-component lines showed segregation on selection plates in the T2 generation that was compatible with the transgene being present at a single locus.

G482 function was analyzed through its ectopic overexpression in plants under the control of a 35S promoter using the two component system.

In plate-based physiology assays, half of the two-component lines tested showed increased vigor on mannitol media and three lines performed better than wild-type in the heat germination assay.

It should be emphasized that we have observed stress-related tolerance phenotypes for several other G481 related genes including G485 and G1820. The similar effects seen when these genes are overexpressed strongly suggest a functional relationship between them. TABLE 18 G482 35S, 2-components-supTfn Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 324 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 327 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 330 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 333 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 343 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 346 wt + wt wt wt wt + wt wt 347 wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 351 wt + wt wt wt wt + wt wt 353 wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 354 wt + wt wt wt wt + wt wt Potential Applications

The results of this study bolster our conclusion that G481 and the related genes, including G482, are excellent candidates for improvement of drought related stress tolerance in commercial species.

Additionally, G482 could be useful for manipulating flowering time.

Arabidopsis G485 (SEQ ID NO: 2009 and 2010)

G485 is paralog of G481, and is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. It has been referenced as sequence 1042 from Patent Application WO0216655 on stress-regulated genes, transgenic plants and methods of use. G485 was reported therein to be cold responsive in a microarray analysis (Harper et al. (2002) Patent Application WO 0216655-A 1042 28-Feb.-2002). No other functional information regarding G485 is publicly available.

During our earlier genomics program, we determined that plants overexpressing G485 had accelerated flowering, bolting up to 1 week earlier than wild-type or non-transformed plants grown under 24 hr lights. These studies, combined with related studies on plants lacking G485 expression have implicated G485 as both sufficient to act as a floral activator, and also necessary in that role within the plant.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to re-assess the effects of overexpression of G485 using a two-component system and determine if this gene can confer enhanced stress tolerance in a manner comparable to G481.

We have now generated 35S lines for G485 using the two component system. These plants showed a comparable early flowering phenotype to that observed for 35S direct promoter fusion lines in our earlier genomics program.

Many of the 35S::G485 two-component lines exhibited a marked acceleration in the onset of flowering and generally formed flower buds 1-2 weeks sooner than wild type under continuous light conditions. Many of the lines also showed a reduction in rosette biomass compared to wild type. In fact, three of twenty lines (308, 312, 320) showed a severe dwarf phenotype and did not survive to maturity. Early flowering was exhibited by 11/20 of the T1 lines (#301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 313, 315, 317, 319). The remaining lines appeared wild-type, apart from lines 310 and 314, which were noted to be slightly delayed in the onset of flowering. Line 14 was also infertile and failed to yield seed. Flowering time was also assessed in a number of T2 populations: plants from the T2-302, 12-305, 12-307, and T2-309 all displayed early flowering comparable to that seen in the parental lines. Plants from the T2-310 and T2-311 populations flowered at the same time as controls.

All of the ten two-component lines submitted for physiological assays showed segregation on selection plates in the T2 generation that was compatible with the transgene being present at a single locus.

In plate-based physiology assays, 35S::G485 two-component lines were more tolerant to salt stress in a germination assay compared to wild-type or non-transformed seedlings. Several salt tolerant lines were also less sensitive to sucrose, ABA, and cold stress in separate germination assays. TABLE 19 G485 35S, 2-components-supTfn Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 302 + wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt 305 + wt wt + wt + wt wt wt 307 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 + wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt 311 + wt + wt wt + wt wt wt 316 + wt + + wt + wt wt wt 317 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 318 wt wt wt + wt + wt wt wt 319 + wt + wt wt + wt wt wt Potential Applications

Based on the results of these abiotic stress assays indicate that G481 and related genes, including G485, are excellent candidates for improvement of drought related stress tolerance in commercial species.

Additionally, G485 could be used to manipulate flowering time.

G489 (SEQ ID NO: 93 and 94)

Published Information

G489 was identified from a BAC sequence that showed high sequence homology to AtHAP5-like transcription factors in Arabidopsis. During our earlier genomics program, we observed that plants overexpressing G489 were tolerant of NaCl and mannitol in separate germination assays.

Morphologically, the plants were similar to wild-type or non-transformed plants.

Experimental Observations

Two sets of 35S::G489 lines (301-320 and 421-440) were generated. Lines 301-320 harbored the 35S direct promoter-fusion construct (P51). The second batch of plants (421-440) overexpressed G489 via the two component system. Neither of the two sets of 35S::G489 plants showed any consistent differences in morphology to wild type controls.

The function of G489 was analyzed through its ectopic overexpression in plants. G489 overexpressors were more tolerant to high NaCl stress, showing more root growth and leaf expansion compared with the controls in culture. Two well characterized ways in which NaCl toxicity is manifested in the plant is through general osmotic stress and potassium deficiency due to the inhibition of its transport. These G489 overexpressor lines were more tolerant to osmotic stress in general, showing more root growth on mannitol containing media. G489 overexpressors were also more tolerant to drought than wild-type control plants in soil-based assays.

RT-PCR analysis of endogenous levels of G489 transcripts indicated that this gene was expressed constitutively in all tissues tested. A cDNA array experiment confirmed the RT-PCR derived tissue distribution data. G489 was not induced above basal levels in response to stress treatments tested.

Several 35S::G489 lines derived from direct promoter fusions were created and characterized morphologically. These plants showed no consistent differences in morphology from wild type controls.

As shown in Table 20, five of ten G489-overexpressing lines tested were better able to germinate in cold conditions. Three lines of more mature plants were also better able to tolerate cold conditions. TABLE 20 G489 35S, Direct promoter-fusion and 2-components-supTfn Germ. Germ. in in high high Germ Germ Growth Line Transformation NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 Direct wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 302 Direct wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt fusion 303 Direct wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt fusion 304 Direct wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + fusion 305 Direct wt wt wt wt wt + wt + + fusion 308 Direct wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt fusion 310 Direct wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt fusion 314 Direct wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 316 Direct wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 317 Direct wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 421 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt + 422 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 423 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 424 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 425 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 426 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 430 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 434 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 437 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt wt + 440 2-comp wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt Potential Applications

The results of this study bolster our conclusion that G481 and the related genes, including G489, are excellent candidates for improvement of drought related stress tolerance in commercial species.

G634 (SEQ ED NO: 127 and 128)

Published Information

G634 was initially identified as public partial cDNAs sequences for GTL1 and GTL2 which are splice variants of the same gene (Small et al (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:3318-3322). The published expression pattern of GTL1 shows that G634 is highly expressed in siliques and not expressed in leaves, stems, flowers or roots. There is no published information on the function of G634.

Closely Related Genes from Other Species

The closest non-Arabidopsis relative of G634 is the O. sativa gt-2 gene (EMBO J. (1992) 11:4131-4144), which is proposed to bind and regulate the phyA promoter. In addition, the pea DNA-binding protein DF1 (13786451) shows strong homology to G634. The homology of these proteins to G634 extends to outside of the conserved domains and thus these genes are likely to be orthologs of G634.

Experimental Observations

The boundaries of G634 in were experimentally determined and the function of G634 was investigated by constitutively expressing G634 using the CaMV 35S promoter.

Three constructs were made for G634: P324, P1374 and P1717. P324 was found to encode a truncated protein. P1374 and P1717 represent full length splice variants of G634; P1374, the shorter of the two splice variants was used for the experiments described here. The longest available cDNA (P1717), confirmed by RACE, has the same ATG and stop codons as the genomic sequence.

Plants overexpressing G634 from construct P1374 showed a dramatic increase the density of trichomes, which additionally appear larger in size. The increase in trichome density was most noticeable on later arising rosette leaves, cauline leaves, inflorescence stems and sepals with the stem trichomes being more highly branched than controls. Approximately half of the primary transformants and two of three T2 lines showed the phenotype. Apart from slight smallness, there did not appear to be any other clear phenotype associated with the overexpression of G634. However, a reduction in germination was observed in T2 seeds grown in culture. It is not clear whether this defect was due to the quality of the seed lot tested or whether this characteristic is related to the transgene overexpression.

RT PCR data showed that G634 is potentially preferentially expressed in flowers and germinating seedlings, and induced by auxin. The role of auxin in trichome initiation and development has not been established in the published literature.

The increase in trichome density observed in G634 overexpressors suggested a possible role for this gene in drought-stress tolerance, a presumption subsequently confirmed in soil-based drought assays. We tested lines overexpressing G634 in a soil drought assay and found that they showed an enhanced performance versus wild type; G634 overexpressors recovered from the effects of a drought treatment significantly better than wild-type control plants. Additionally, our recent array experiments on plants undergoing a soil-drought experiment indicated that G634 shows a small but significant up-regulation specifically in the recovery phase following re-watering.

G634 overexpressing lines did not exhibit a shade avoidance phenotype when grown under light deficient in the red region of the visible spectrum. When the assay was repeated on individual lines, all three lines analyzed showed the phenotype and had short hypocotyls compared with wild-type seedlings. On control plates, seedlings from line 5 were small while lines 6 and 8 were comparable in size to wild-type seedlings.

Potential Applications

Trichome glands on the surface of many higher plants produce and secrete exudates that give protection from the elements and pests such as insects, microbes and herbivores. These exudates may physically immobilize insects and spores, may be insecticidal or ant-microbial or they may allergens or irritants to protect against herbivores. Trichomes have also been suggested to decrease transpiration by decreasing leaf surface air flow, and by exuding chemicals that protect the leaf from the sun.

Depending on the plant species, varying amounts of diverse secondary biochemicals (often lipophilic terpenes) are produced and exuded or volatilized by trichomes. These exotic secondary biochemicals, which are relatively easy to extract because they are on the surface of the leaf, have been widely used in such products as flavors and aromas, drugs, pesticides and cosmetics. One class of secondary metabolites, the diterpenes, can effect several biological systems such as tumor progression, prostaglandin synthesis and tissue inflammation. In addition, diterpenes can act as insect pheromones, termite allomones, and can exhibit neurotoxic, cytotoxic and antimitotic activities. As a result of this functional diversity, diterpenes have been the target of research several pharmaceutical ventures. In most cases where the metabolic pathways are impossible to engineer, increasing trichome density or size on leaves may be the only way to increase plant productivity.

Thus, the use of G634 and its equivalogs to increase trichome density, size or type may therefore have profound utilities in so called molecular farming practices (i.e. the use of trichomes as a manufacturing system for complex secondary metabolites), and in producing resistant insect and herbivore resistant plants.

Of particular significance, G634 and its equivalogs may also be used to increase the osmotic stress, drought and shade tolerance of plants.

G682 (SEQ ID NO: 147 and 148)

Published Information

G682 was identified from the Arabidopsis BAC, AF007269, based on sequence similarity to other members of the Myb family within the conserved domain.

Experimental Observations

RT-PCR analysis of the endogenous levels of G682 transcripts indicated that this gene was expressed in all tissues tested, however, a very low level of transcript was detected in roots and shoots. Array tissue print data indicated that G682 was expressed primarily, but not exclusively, in flower tissue.

An array experiment was performed on one G682 overexpressing line. The data from this one experiment indicated that this gene could be a negative regulator of chloroplast development and/or light dependent development because the gene Albino3 and many chloroplast genes are repressed. Albino3 functions to regulate chloroplast development (Sundberg et al (1997) Plant Cell 9:717-730). The gene G682 was itself induced 20-fold. Other than a few additional transcription factors, very few genes are induced as a result of the ectopic expression of G682.

The function of G682 was analyzed through its ectopic overexpression in plants. G682 overexplessors were glabrous, had tufts of more root hairs and germinated better under heat stress conditions. Older plants were not more tolerant to heat stress compared to wild-type controls.

G682 overexpressors are glabrous, have tufts of more root hairs and germinated better under heat stress conditions. Older plants were not more tolerant to heat stress compared to wild-type controls. At the time these experiments were performed, it was suggested that further experiments were needed to address whether or not the heat germination phenotype of the G682 overexpressors was related to water deficit stress tolerance in the germinating seedling, and correlated with a possible drought tolerance phenotype. More recent experiments have shown that G682 overexpressors were more tolerant to water deprivation conditions in soil-based drought assays than wild-type plants, and two of three lines tested were significantly more drought tolerant than the wild-type controls.

In addition to the paralogous sequences disclosed above, orthologous sequences from other plant species were also identified using BLAST analysis. Such orthologous sequences, together with the paralogous sequences were determined to be members of die G682 TF family of Myb-related proteins (equivalogs). The paralogous sequences and the orthologous sequences were aligned using MACVECTOR software (Accelrys, Inc.). The software program also generated an exemplary consensus amino acid residue sequence of the aligned sequences.

As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the orthologous sequences shared a consensus sequence with the conserved domain of G682 (amino acid residues 27-63 of SEQ ID NO: 148) and also shared identity with regions flanking the conserved domain (flanking regions). In particular, G682 shared a region of the conserved domain with sequences from soy (Glycine max; SEQ ID NOs: 1084, 1085, 1086, 1083, 1087, and 1088), rice (Oryza sativa; SEQ ID NOs: 559, 1082, and 1081), and maize (corn) (Zea mays; SEQ ID NOs: 1089 and 1090).

An exemplary consensus of the conserved domain of the G682 TF family of Myb-related proteins is Val-Xaa-Met/Phe-Ser/Thr-Gln/Glu-Xaa-Glu-Glu-Asp-Leu-Val-Xaa-Arg-Met-His/Tyr-Lys/Arg-Leu-Val-Gly-Asp/Glu-Arg/Lys-Trp-Glu/Asp-Leu/Ile-Ile-Ala-Gly-Arg-Ile/Val-Pro-Gly-Arg, where Xaa is any amino acid residue. An alternative exemplary consensus of the conserved domain is Val-Xaa-Met/Phe-Sertbr-Gin/Glu-Xaa-Glu-Glu-Asp-Leu-Val-Ser-Arg-Met-Iis-Arg-Leu-Val-Gly-Asn-Arg-Trp-Glu-Leu-Ile-Ala-Gly-Arg-Ile-Xaa-Gly-Arg, where Xaa is any amino acid residue. A further alternative exemplary consensus of the conserved domain is Val-Xaa-Met/Phe-Ser/Thr-Gln/Glu-Xaa-Glu-Glu-Asp-Leu-Val-Ser-Arg-Met-Tyr-Xaa-Leu-Val-Gly-Asn/Glu-Arg-Trp-Ser-Leu-Ile-Ala-Gly-Arg-Ile-Pro-Gly-Arg, where Xaa is any amino acid residue.

Potential Applications

The potential utility of this gene or its equivalogs is to confer heat tolerance to germinating seeds.

G682 or its equivalogs could be used to alter trichome number and distribution in plants. Trichome glands on the surface of many higher plants produce and secrete exudates, which give protection from the elements and pests such as insects, microbes and herbivores. These exudates may physically immobilize insects and spores, may be insecticidal or ant-microbial or they may allergens or irritants to protect against herbivores. Trichomes have also been suggested to decrease transpiration by decreasing leaf surface air flow, and by exuding chemicals that protect the leaf from the sun.

G864 (SEQ ID NO: 167 and 168)

Published Information

G864 was identified in an Arabidopsis EST (H37693). G864 appears as gene AT4g23750 in the annotated sequence of Arabidopsis chromosome 4 (AL161560).

Experimental Observations

G864 was discovered and initially identified as a public Arabidopsis EST. G864 was ubiquitously expressed, and was not significantly induced under any of the conditions tested.

The complete sequence of G864 was determined, and G864 was found to be related to two additional Arabidopsis AP2/EREBP genes, G1421 and G1755. The function of G864 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which this gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. G864 overexpressing plants exhibited a variety of phenotypic alterations. They were smaller than wild-type plants, and those with the strongest phenotypes were classified as dwarf. However, G864 overexpressing lines showed more seedling vigor in a heat stress tolerance germination assay compared to wild-type controls. Conversely, G864 overexpressing lines were also somewhat more sensitive to chilling. One of the three T2 lines analyzed showed significant increase in fucose and arabinose levels in leaves.

In soil-based assays, G864 overexpressing plants were significantly more drought tolerant than wild-type control plants.

Potential Applications

The germination of many crops is very sensitive to temperature. A gene that would enhance germination in hot conditions such as G864 or its equivalogs would be useful for crops that are planted late in the season or in hot climates. G864 and its equivalogs may also be used to improve the drought or other osmotic stress tolerance of plants.

G867 (SEQ ID NO: 169 and 170)

Published Information

G867 corresponds to RAV1 (Kagaya et al. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27: 470-478). G867/RAV1 belongs to a small subgroup within the AP2/EREBP family of transcription factors, whose distinguishing characteristic is that its members contain a second DNA-binding domain, in addition to the conserved AP2 domain, that is related to the B3 domain of VP1/ABI3 (Kagaya et al. (1999) supra). It has been shown that the two DNA-binding domains of RAV1 can separately recognize each of two motifs that constitute a bipartite binding sequence and together cooperatively enhance its DNA-binding affinity and specificity (Kagaya et al. (1999) supra).

Experimental Observations

G867 was discovered and initially identified as a public Arabidopsis EST. G867 appeared to be constitutively expressed at medium levels.

G867 was first characterized using a line that contained a T-DNA insertion in the gene. The insertion in that line resided immediately downstream of the conserved AP2 domain, and would therefore be expected to result in a severe or null mutation. G867 knockout mutant plants did not show significant changes in overall plant morphology, significant differences between these plants and control plants have not been detected in any of the assays that have been performed so far.

Subsequently, the function of G867 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which this gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. G867 overexpressing lines were morphologically wild-type and no phenotypic alterations in G867 overexpressing lines were detected in the biochemical assays that were performed. However, G867 overexpressing lines showed increased seedling vigor (manifested by increased expansion of the cotyledons) in germination assays on both high salt and high sucrose containing media, compared to wild-type controls.

The Arabidopsis paralogs G1930 (SEQ ID NO: 369) and G9 (SEQ ID NO: 1949) also showed stress related phenotypes. G9 exhibited increased root biomass, and thus could be used to produce better plant growth under adverse osmotic conditions. Genetic and physiological evidence indicates that roots subjected to various stresses, including water deficit, alter the export of specific compounds, such as ACC and ABA, to the shoot, via the xylem Bradford et al. (1980) Plant Physiol. 65: 322-326; Schurr et al. (1992) Plant Cell Environ. 15, 561-567).

G1930 plants responded to high NaCl and high sucrose on plates with more seedling vigor, and root biomass compared to wild-type control plants; this phenotype was identical to that seen in 35S::G867 lines. These results indicate a general involvement of this clade in abiotic stress responses:

The polypeptide sequences of G1930 and G9 share 72% ( 249/345 residues) and 64% ( 233/364 residues) with G867, respectively. The conserved domains of G1930 and G9 are 86% ( 56/65 residues) and 86% ( 56/65 residues) identical with the conserved domain of G867, respectively.

In addition to the paralogous sequences disclosed above, orthologous sequences from other plant species were also identified using BLAST analysis. Such orthologous sequences, together with the paralogous sequences were determined to be members of the G867 TF family of AP2 proteins (equivalogs). The paralogous sequences and the orthologous sequences were aligned using MACVECTOR software (Accelrys, Inc.). The software program also generated an exemplary consensus amino acid residue sequence of the aligned sequences.

As shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, the orthologous sequences shared a consensus sequence with the conserved domain of G867 (amino acid residues 59-116 of SEQ ID NO: 170) and also shared identity with regions flanking the conserved domain (flanking regions). In particular, G867 shared a region of the conserved domain with sequences from soy (Glycine max; SEQ ID NOs: 1184, 1183, and 1182), rice (Oryza sativa; SEQ ID NOs: 1176, 1177, and 1178), and maize (corn) (Zea mays; SEQ ID NOs: 1186 and 1185).

An exemplary consensus of the conserved domain of the G867 TF family of AP2 proteins is Ser-Ser-Lys/Arg-Tyr/Phe-Gly-Val-Val-Pro-Gln-Pro-Asn-Gly-Arg-Typ-Gly-Ala-Gln-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Lys/Arg-His-Gln-Arg-Val-Trp-Leu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Xaa-Glu/Asp-Glu-Glu-Glu/Asp-Ala-Ala/Val-Arg-Ala/Ser-Tyr-Asp-Val/Ile-Ala/Val-Val/Ala-Xaa-Arg-Phe/Tyr-Arg-Arg/Gly-Arg-Asp-Ala-Val-Thr/Val-Asn-Phe-Lys/Arg, where Xaa is any amino acid residue. An alternative exemplary consensus of the conserved domain is Ser-Ser-Lys/Arg-Tyr/Phe-Gly-Val-Val-Pro-Gln-Pro-Asn-Gly-Arg-Typ-Gly-Ala-Gln-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Lys/Arg-His-Gln-Arg-Val-Trp-Leu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Xaa-Glu/Asp-Glu-Glu/Asp-Ala-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Asp-Val/Ile-Alawal-Val/Ala-Xaa-Arg-Phe/Tyr-Arg-Arg/Gly-Arg-Asp-Ala-Val-Thr/Val-Asn, where Xaa is any amino acid residue. A further alternative exemplary consensus of the conserved domain is Ser-Ser-Lys/Arg-Tyr/Phe-Gly-Val-Val-Pro-Gln-Pro-Asn-Gly-Arg-Typ-Gly-Ala-Gln-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Lys/Arg-His-Gln-Arg-Val-Trp-Leu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Xaa-Gly-Glu-Ala/Asp-Glu/Asp-Ala-Ala/Val-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Asp-Val-Ala-Ala-Gln-Arg-Phe/Tyr-Arg-Arg/Gly-Arg-Asp-Ala-Val-Thr/Val-Asn-Phe-Arg, where Xaa is any amino acid residue.

Potential Applications

G867 or its equivalogs could be used to increase or facilitate seed germination and seedling growth under adverse environmental conditions, in particular salt stress.

G867 or its equivalogs may also be used to modify sugar sensing.

G912 (SEQ ID NO: 185 and 186)

Published Information

G912 was identified in the sequence of P1 clone MSG15 (GenBank accession number AB015478; gene MSG15.6).

Experimental Observations

G912 was recognized as the AP2/EREBP gene most closely related to Arabidopsis CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3 (Stockinger et al (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:1035-1040; Gilmour et al. (1998) Plant J. 16:433-442). In fact, G912 is the only other AP2/EREBP transcription factor for which sequence similarity with CBF1, CBF 2, and CBF3 extends beyond the conserved AP2 domain.

The function of G912 was studied using transgenic plants in which this gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Plants overexpressing G912 were more freezing and drought tolerant than the wild-type controls, but were also small, dark green, and late flowering. There was a positive correlation between the degree of growth impairment and the freezing tolerance. In addition, G912 expression appeared to be induced by cold, drought, and osmotic stress.

In addition, G912 overexpressing plants also exhibited a sugar sensing phenotype: reduced seedling vigor and cotyledon expansion upon germination on high glucose media.

These results mirror the extensive body of work that has shown that CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3 are involved in the control of the low-temperature response in Arabidopsis, and that those genes can be used to improve freezing, drought, and salt tolerance in plants (Stockinger et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:1035-1040; Gilmour et al. (1998) Plant J. 16:433-442; Jaglo-Ottosen et al. (1998) Science. 280:104-106; Liu et al. (1998) Plant Cell. 10:1391-1406, Kasuga et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:287-291).

The polypeptide sequences of G40, G41, and G42 share 71% (140 of 195 residues), 68% (144 of 211 residues), and 65% (147 of 224 residues) identity with G912, respectively. The conserved domains of G40, G41, and G42 share 94% (64 of 68 residues), 92% (63 of 68 residues), and 94% (64 of 68 residues) identity with G912, respectively.

In addition to the paralogous sequences disclosed above, orthologous sequences from other plant species were also identified using BLAST analysis. Such orthologous sequences, together with the paralogous sequences were determined to be members of the G912 TF family of AP2/EREBP proteins (equivalogs). The paralogous sequences and the orthologous sequences were aligned using MACVECTOR software (Accelrys, Inc.). The software program also generated an exemplary consensus amino acid residue sequence of the aligned sequences.

As shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, and 5F, the orthologous sequences shared a consensus sequence with the conserved domain of G912 (amino acid residues 51-118 of SEQ ID NO: 186) and also shared identity with regions flanking the conserved domain (flanking regions). In particular, G912 shared a region of the conserved domain with sequences from soy (Glycine max; SEQ ID NOs: 1238, 1242, 1240, 1241, and 1243), rice (Oryza sativa; SEQ ID NOs: 1222, 1223, 1232, 1221, 1231, 1227, 1235, 1230, 1229, and 1228), and maize (corn) (Zea mays; SEQ ID NOs: 1246, 1247, 1244, and 1245).

An exemplary consensus of the conserved domain of the G912 TF family of AP2/EREBP proteins is His-Pro-Ile/al-Tyr/Phe-Arg/Lys-Gly-Val-Arg-Gln/Arg-Arg-Gly/Asn-Xaa₍₁₋₃₎-Lys/Arg-Trp-Val-Cys/Ser-Glu-Val/Leu-Arg-Glu/Val-Pro-Asn-Lys-Xaa₍₂₎-Arg-Ile/Leu-Trp-Leu-Gly-Thr-Phe/Tyr-Xaa₍₂₎-Ala/Pro-Glu-Met-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala-His-Asp-Val-Ala-Ala/Met-Leu/Met-Ala-Leu-Arg-Gly-Xaa₍₁₋₈₎-Ala-Cys-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ala-Asp-Ser-Xaa₍₁₋₅₎-Val/Ile-Pro/Asp, where Xaa is any amino acid residue. An alternative exemplary consensus of the conserved domain is His-Pro-Ile/Val-Tyr/Phe-Arg/Lys-Gly-Val-Arg-Xaa-Arg-Gly/Asn-Xaa₍₁₋₃₎-Lys/Arg-Trp-Val-Cys/Ser-Glu-Val/Leu-Arg-Glu/Val-Pro-Xaa₍₁₋₅₎-Arg-Ile/Leu/Phe-Trp-Leu-Gly-Thr-Phe/Tyr-Xaa₍₂₎-Ala/Pro-Glu-Xaa-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ala-His-Asp-Val-Ala-Ala/Met-Leu/Met-Ala-Leu-Arg-Gly-Xaa₍₁₋₈₎-Ala-Cys/Ser-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ala-Asp-Ser-Xaa₍₁₋₅₎-Val/Ile-Pro/Asp, where Xaa is any amino acid residue.

An exemplary flanking region consensus sequence of the G912 TF family of AP2/EREBP proteins is Pro-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Ala-Gly-Arg (amino acids 3743 of SEQ ID NO: 186), or Ala-Gly-Arg-Xaa-Lys-Phe (amino acids 4146 of SEQ ID NO: 186) or Glu-Thr-Arg-His-Pro (amino acids 48-52 of SEQ ID NO: 186), where Xaa is any amino acid residue.

Potential Applications

G912 or its equivalogs could be used to improve plant tolerance to cold, freezing, drought, and salt stress. In addition, G912 or its equivalogs could be used to change a plant's flowering time and size.

G913 (SEQ ID NO: 187 and 188)

Published Information

G913 was identified in the sequence of clone MSG15; it corresponds to gene MSG15.10 (GenBank PID BAB11050).

Experimental Observations

The cDNA sequence of G913 was determined. To investigate the function(s) of G913, this gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter in transgenic plants. G913 overexpressing plants had dark green leaves that occasionally curled downward. These plants showed a delay in flowering and were also late senescing. Overexpressing G913 lines were more freezing tolerant and more drought tolerant than the wild-type controls.

In an ethylene sensitivity assay where the plants were tested for a triple response phenotype on plates containing ACC, G913 overexpressing plants showed stunting and curling in the hypocotyl region that was more exaggerated than the wild type triple response.

Potential Applications

G913 or its equivalogs could be used to improve plant tolerance to freezing and drought. G913 could also be used to manipulate the ethylene response.

G913 or its equivalogs may be used to delay flowering or senescence in plants. Extending vegetative development could bring about large increases in yields.

Additionally, a major concern is the escape of transgenic pollen from GMOs to wild species or so-called organic crops. Systems that prevent vegetative transgenic crops from flowering would eliminate this worry.

G922 (SEQ ID NO: 189 and 190)

Published Information

G922 corresponds to Scarecrow-like 3 (SCL3) first described by Pysh et al. (GenBank accession number AF036301; (1999) Plant J. 18: 111-119). Northern blot analysis results show that G922 is expressed in siliques, roots, and to a lesser extent in shoot tissue from 14 day old seedlings. Pysh et al did not test any other tissues for G922 expression. In situ hybridization results showed that G922 was expressed predominantly in the endodermis in the root tissue. This pattern of expression was very similar to that of SCARECROW (SCR), G306. Experimental evidence indicated that the co-localization of the expression is not due to cross-hybridization of the G922 probe with G306. Pysh et al proposed that G922 may play a role in epidermal cell specification and that G922 may either regulate or be regulated by G306.

The sequence for G922 can also be found in the annotated BAC clone F11F12 from chromosome 1 (GenBank accession number AC012561). The sequence for F11F12 was submitted to GenBank by the DNA Sequencing and Technology Center at Stanford University.

Experimental Observations

The function of this gene was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G922 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Transgenic plants overexpressing G922 were more salt tolerant than wild-type plants as determined by a root growth assay on MS media supplemented with 150 mM. NaCl. Plant overexpressing G922 also were more tolerant to osmotic stress as determined by germination assays in salt-containing (150 mM NaCl) and sucrose-containing (9.4%) media. Morphologically, plants overexpressing G922 had altered leaf morphology, coloration, fertility, and overall plant size. In wild-type plants, expression of G922 was induced by auxin, ABA, heat, and drought treatments. In non-induced wild-type plants, G922 was expressed constitutively at low levels.

The high salt assays suggested that this gene would confer drought tolerance, a supposition confirmed by soil-based assays, in which G922-overexpressing plants were significantly healthier after water deprivation treatment than wild-type control plants.

Potential Applications

Based upon results observed in plants overexpressing G922 or its equivalogs could be used to alter salt tolerance, tolerance to osmotic and drought stress, and leaf morphology in other plant species.

G926 (SEQ ID NO: 191 and 192)

Published Information

G926 is equivalent to Hap2a (Y13720), a member of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. The gene was identified by Edwards et al. ((1998) Plant Physiol. 117:1015-1022), who demonstrated that G926 or AtHap2a were able to functionally complement a Hap2 deficient mutant of yeast suggesting that there is functional conservation between these proteins from diverse organisms. In addition, the AtHap2a gene was shown to be ubiquitously expressed in Arabidopsis.

Experimental Observations

Consistent with the published expression pattern (Edwards et al. (1998) Plant Physiol. 117: 1015-1022), G926 was determined to be ubiquitously expressed and transcript levels appeared to be unaltered by any environmental stress-related condition tested. A line homozygous for a T-DNA insertion in G926 was used to determine the function of this gene.

The G926 knockout mutant line was morphologically wild-type. Physiological analysis revealed that in the presumed absence of G926 function, the plants became more tolerant to high osmotic conditions during germination. This osmotic stress tolerance could be related to the plant's apparent insensitivity to the growth hormone ABA. This was the second instance where a member of a CCAAT-box protein complex altered the plants osmotic stress response and ABA sensitivity during germination.

ABA plays an important regulatory role in the initiation and maintenance of seed dormancy. Lopez-Molina, L. et al. ((2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 4782-4787) describe a bZIP transcription factor, ABI5, that is involved in maintaining seeds in a quiescent state, preventing germination under adverse conditions such as drought stress. It is possible G926 also functions as part of this checkpoint for the germinating seeds and loss of G926 function promotes germination regardless of the osmotic status of the environment.

Potential Applications

G926 or its equivalogs could be used to improve plant tolerance to drought, and salt stress.

Evaporation from the soil surface causes upward water movement and salt accumulation in the upper soil layer where the seeds are placed. Thus, germination normally takes place at a salt concentration much higher than the mean salt concentration of in the whole soil profile. Increased salt tolerance during the germination stage of a crop plant would impact survivability and yield.

G975 (SEQ ED NO: 199 and 200)

Published Information

G975 has appeared in the sequences released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (BAC F9L1, GenBank accession number AC007591).

Experimental Observations

G975 was expressed in flowers and, at lower levels, in shoots, leaves, and siliques. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses of leaves from G975 overexpressing plants showed that the levels of C29, C31, and C33 alkanes were substantially increased (up to ten-fold) compared with control plants. A number of additional compounds of similar molecular weight, presumably also wax components, also accumulated to significantly higher levels in G975 overexpressing plants. C29 alkanes constituted close to 50% of the wax content in wild-type plants (Millar et al. (1998) Plant Cell 11:1889-1902), suggesting that a major increase in total wax content occurred in the G975 transgenic plants. However, the transgenic plants had an almost normal phenotype (although small morphological differences were detected in leaf appearance), indicating that overexpression of G975 was not deleterious to the plant. Overexpression of G975 did not cause the dramatic alterations in plant morphology that had been reported for Arabidopsis plants in which the FATTY ACED ELONGATION1 gene was overexpressed (Millar et al. 1998, Plant Cell 11:1889-1902). G975 may regulate the expression of some of the genes involved in wax metabolism. One Arabidopsis AP2 sequence (G1387) that is significantly more closely related to G975 than the rest of the members of the AP2/EREBP family is predicted to have a function and a use related to that of G975.

G975 overexpressing plants were significantly more drought tolerant than wild-type control plants in soil-based drought assays.

Potential Applications

G975 or its equivalogs can be used to manipulate wax composition, amount, or distribution, which in turn can modify plant tolerance to drought and/or low humidity or resistance to insects, as well as plant appearance (shiny leaves).

G975 or its equivalogs can also be used to specifically alter wax composition, amount, or distribution in those plants and crops from which wax is a valuable product.

G993 (SEQ ID NO: 2071 and 2072)

G993 is a putative paralog of G867. No genetic analysis of the locus has been published.

During our earlier genomics program, we observed that G993 overexpression lines exhibited a number of morphological abnormalities. The aim of this study was to re-assess 35S::G993 transformants (using a greater number of lines), and determine whether overexpression of the gene could confer enhanced stress tolerance in a comparable manner to G867.

New overexpression lines have been obtained using a direct promoter fusion construct. These lines exhibited similar phenotypes to those observed during our phase I genomics studies and were generally small, slow developing, and poorly fertile. Some lines also showed features that suggested a disruption in light regulated development, such as long hypocotyls and alterations in leaf orientation.

We have tested ten of the 35S::G993 direct-fusion lines under a variety of plate based treatments. Eight of these lines out-performed controls in one or more plate based stress assays including germination on salt, germination on sucrose, germination in the cold, or growth under chilling conditions. Interestingly, two 35S::G993 lines showed a very dramatic increase in root hair density when grown on regular MS plates (this phenotype was comparable to that observed in 35S::G9 lines during our phase I genomics program). Interestingly, though, the two lines that exhibited increased root hair development did not show a positive result in the stress assays.

It should be emphasized that we have obtained comparable developmental effects as well as a strong enhancement of drought related stress tolerance in all four of the Arabidopsis genes in the G867 study group (G9, G867, G993, and G1930). The almost identical phenotypic effects produced by these genes strongly suggest that they are functionally equivalent. TABLE 21 G993 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 321 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 322 wt wt + wt wt + wt wt + 324 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 326 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 330 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 331 + wt + wt wt wt wt wt + 334 + wt ++ wt wt ++ wt wt wt 335 + wt ++ wt wt + wt wt wt 337 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 340 + wt + wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

Based on the results of our overexpression studies, G867 and related sequences such as G993 are excellent candidates for improvement of drought and cold-related stress tolerance in commercial species. The morphological effects associated with their overexpression suggests that tissue-specific or conditional promoters might be used to optimize the utility of these genes.

The increased root hair production seen in 35S::G993 lines indicates that the gene might be used to enhance root growth and differentiation and might thereby improve performance under other stresses, such as low nutrient availability.

G1048 (SEQ ID NO: 2515 and 2516)

Published Information

G1048 (AT1G42990) was initially identified as public partial EST T88194 and in BAC F13A11 (GenBank accession AC068324) released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. There is no published information on the function(s) of G1048.

Experimental Observations.

RT-PCR expression analysis indicated that G1048 was constitutively expressed and not induced by any condition tested. At that time, the function of G1048 was investigated by constitutively expressing G1048 using the 35S promoter. Plants overexpressing G1048 were not significantly different to controls in any assay performed.

In initial experiments, G1048 overexpressing lines did not exhibit a shade avoidance phenotype when grown under light deficient in the red region of the visible spectrum. This effect was seen in two repeat experiments on a batch of mixed seed from three independent lines.

in repeat experiments, 35S::G1048 lines grown under white light versus light deficient in red light were analyzed. A significant shade tolerance phenotype was observed, indicating that G1048 might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of response to shade or light quality. G1048 is potentially related to HY5 (Oyama et al. (1997) Genes Dev. 11:2983-2995), a gene that is well established to be involved in light regulated development.

G1069 (SEQ ED NO: 221 and 222)

Published Information

The sequence of G1069 was obtained from EU Arabidopsis sequencing project, GenBank accession number Z97336, based on its sequence similarity within the conserved domain to other AT-Hook related proteins in Arabidopsis.

Experimental Observations

The sequence of G1069 was experimentally determined and the function of G1069 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G1069 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter.

Plants overexpressing G1069 showed changes in leaf architecture, reduced overall plant size, and retarded progression through the life cycle. This is a common phenomenon for most transgenic plants in which AT-HOOK proteins are overexpressed if the gene is predominantly expressed in root in the wild-type background. G1069 was predominantly expressed in roots, based on analysis of RT-PCR results. To minimize these detrimental effects, G1069 may be overexpressed under a tissue specific promoter such as root- or leaf-specific promoter or under inducible promoter.

One of G1069 overexpressing lines showed more tolerance to osmotic stress when they were germinated in high sucrose plates. This line also showed insensitivity to ABA in a germination assay.

Potential Applications

The osmotic stress results indicate that G1069 could be used to alter a plant's response to water deficit conditions and, therefore, the gene or its equivalogs could be used to engineer plants with enhanced tolerance to drought, salt stress, and freezing.

G1069 affects ABA sensitivity, and thus when transformed into a plant the gene or its equivalogs may diminish cold, drought, oxidative and other stress sensitivities, and also be used to alter plant architecture, and yield.

G1073 (SEQ ID NO: 223 and 224)

Published Information

G1073 has been identified in the sequence of a BAC clone from chromosome 4 (BAC clone F23E12, gene F23E12.50, GenBank accession number AL022604), released by EU Arabidopsis Sequencing Project.

Experimental Observations

The function of G1073 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G1073 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Transgenic plants overexpressing G1073 were substantially larger than wild-type controls, with at least a 60% increase in biomass. The increased mass of 35S::G1073 transgenic plants was attributed to enlargement of multiple organ types including leaves, stems, roots and floral organs. Petal size in the 35S::G1073 lines was increased by 40-50% compared to wild type controls. Petal epidermal cells in those same lines were approximately 25-30% larger than those of the control plants. Furthermore, 15-20% more epidermal cells per petal were produced compared to wild type. Thus, at least in petals, the increase in size was associated with an increase in cell size as well as in cell number. Additionally, images from the stem cross-sections of 35S::G1073 plants revealed that cortical cells are large and that vascular bundles contained more cells in the phloem and xylem relative to wild type

Seed yield was increased compared to control plants. 5S::G1073 lines showed an increase of at least 70% in seed yield. This increased seed production was associated with an increased number of siliques per plant, rather than seeds per silique.

Flowering of G1073 overexpressing plants was delayed. Leaves of G1073 overexpressing plants were generally more serrated than those of wild-type plants. Improved drought tolerance was observed in 35S::G1073 transgenic lines.

Potential Applications

Transgenic plants overexpressing G1073 are large and late flowering with serrated leaves. Large size and late flowering produced as a result of G1073 or equivalog overexpression would be extremely useful in crops where the vegetative portion of the plant is the marketable portion (often vegetative growth stops when plants make the transition to flowering). In this case, it would be advantageous to prevent or delay flowering with the use of this gene or its equivalogs in order to increase yield (biomass). Prevention of flowering by this gene or its equivalogs would be useful in these same crops in order to prevent the spread of transgenic pollen and/or to prevent seed set. This gene or its equivalogs could also be used to manipulate leaf shape and drought tolerance.

G1075 (SEQ ID NO: 225 and 226)

Published Information

The sequence of G1075 was obtained from the Arabidopsis genome sequencing project, GenBank accession number AC004667, based on its sequence similarity within the conserved domain to other AT-Hook related proteins in Arabidopsis.

Experimental Observations

The function of G1075 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G1075 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Overexpression of G1075 produced very small, sterile plants. Pointed leaves were noted in some seedlings, and twisted or curled leaves and abnormal leaf serrations were noted in rosette stage plants. Bolts were short and thin with short internodes. Flowers from severely affected plants had reduced or absent petals and stamen filaments that partially or completely fail to elongate. Because of the severe phenotypes of these T1 plants, no T2 seed was produced for physiological and biochemical analysis.

RT-PCR analysis indicated that G1075 transcripts are found primarily in roots. The expression of G1075 appeared to be induced by cold and heat stresses.

Potential Applications

G1075 or its equivalogs could be used to modify plant architecture and development, including flower structure. If expressed under a flower-specific promoter, the gene or its equivalogs might also be useful for engineering male sterility. Because expression of G1075 is root specific, its promoter could be useful for targeted gene expression in this tissue.

Arabidopsis G1364 (SEQ ED NO: 2101 and 2102)

G1364, a putative paralog of G481, is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family.

Experimental Observations

The aim of the present study was to reevaluate the effects of G1364 overexpression and determine whether the gene confers similar effects to G481. We have now obtained two sets of 35S::G1364 lines using a two-component approach. A significant number of these transformants showed delayed flowering, indicating that G1364 can act as a repressor of the floral transition. Plants from this set also senesced later than wild type. In other respects, these transformants showed wild-type morphology.

As shown in Table 22, two G1364-overexpressing lines tested were less sensitive to ABA than wild-type or non-transformed plants. TABLE 22 G1364 35S, 2-components-supTfn Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 341 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 342 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 343 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 344 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 345 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 346 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 423 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 431 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 432 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt 435 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

Based on the results of the ABA germination assay, G481 and related sequences such as G1364 may be used to improve the stress tolerance in plants.

G1364 might also be used to modify flowering time related traits.

G1411 (SEQ ID NO: 269 and 270)

Published Information

G1411 was identified in the sequence of TAC clone K22G18 (GenBank accession number AB022212).

Experimental Observations

The complete sequence of G1411 was determined. The function of G1411 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which this gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. G1411 overexpressing plants were smaller than wild-type controls and showed reduced apical dominance: axillary shoots develop prematurely amongst primary rosette leaves, resulting in a bushy plant. G1411 overexpressing plants behaved like the corresponding wild-type controls in all physiological and biochemical assays that were performed.

Potential Applications

G1411 or its equivalogs could be used to manipulate plant architecture.

G1451 (SEQ ID NO: 277 and 278)

Published Information

G1451 is ARF8, a member of the ARF class of proteins with a VP1-like N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain with homology to Aux/IAA proteins. ARF8, like several other ARFs, contains a glutamine-rich central domain that can function as a transcriptional activation domain (1). ARF8 was shown to bind to an auxin response element (2). It was also shown that a truncated version of ARF8 lacking the DNA binding domain but containing the activation domain and the C-terminal domain could activate transcription on an auxin responsive promoter, presumably through interactions with another factor bound to the auxin response element (1). ARF8 is closely related in sequence to ARF6 (2).

Experimental Observations

G1451 was expressed throughout the plant, with the highest expression in flowers. Transcripts of G1451 were induced in leaves by a variety of stress conditions. A line homozygous for a T-DNA insertion in G1451 was used to determine the function of this gene. The T-DNA insertion of G1451 is approximately one-fifth of the way into the coding sequence of the gene and therefore is likely to result in a null mutation.

As measured by NIR, G1451 knockout mutants had increased total combined seed oil and seed protein content compared to wild-type plants.

Potential Applications

G1451 or its equivalogs may be used to alter seed oil and protein content, which may be very important for the nutritional value and production of various food products G1451 or its equivalogs could also be used to increase plant biomass. Large size is useful in crops where the vegetative portion of the plant is the marketable portion since vegetative growth often stops when plants make the transition to flowering.

G1543 (SEQ ID NO: 303 and 304)

Published Information

G1543 was identified as a novel homeobox gene within section 3 of 255 from the complete sequence of Chromosome II (GenBank accession number AC005560, released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative).

Experimental Observations

The ends of G1543 were determined by RACE and a full-length cDNA was isolated by PCR from mixed cDNA. The encoded 275 amino acid product was found to be a member the HD-ZIP class II group of HD proteins. The public annotation for this gene was incorrect; the protein predicted in the BAC report was only 162 amino acids in length.

RT-PCR analysis revealed that G1543 was expressed ubiquitously but was up-regulated in response to auxin applications.

The function of G1543 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which the gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. 35S::G1543 Arabidopsis plants exhibited a range of phenotypes; most consistently, however, the plants possessed dark green leaves and an altered branching pattern that led to a shorter more compact stature. These morphological phenotypes, along with the expression data, implicate G1543 as a component of a growth or developmental response to auxin.

Biochemical assays reflected the changes in leaf color noted during morphological analysis. All three T2 lines examined displayed increased levels of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids. Additionally, one of three lines had a decrease in seed oil combined with an increase in seed protein. A repeat experiment verified the altered seed oil and protein composition in two lines.

Physiological assays identified no clear differences between 35S::G1543 and wild-type plants.

Potential Applications

The altered levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, seed oils, and proteins that resulted from overexpression of the gene in Arabidopsis indicate that G1543 or its equivalogs or its equivalogs might used to manipulate the composition of these substances in seed, with applications toward the improvement in the nutritional value of foodstuffs (for example, by increasing lutein).

Enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoid levels could also improve yield in crop plants. For instance lutein, like other xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin and violaxanthin, is an essential component in the protection of the plant against the damaging effects of excessive light. Specifically, lutein contributes, directly or indirectly, to the rapid rise of non-photochemical quenching in plants exposed to high light. Crop plants engineered to contain higher levels of lutein could therefore have improved photo-protection, possibly leading to less oxidative damage and better growth under high light. Additionally, elevated chlorophyll levels might increase photosynthetic capacity.

G1543 or its equivalogs might be applied to modify plant stature. This could be used to produce crops that are more resistant to damage by wind and rain, or more amenable to harvest. Plants with altered stature might also be of interest to the ornamental plant market.

This gene or its equivalogs may also be used to alter oil production in seeds, which may be very important for the nutritional quality and caloric content of foods G1792 (SEQ ED NO: 331 and 332)

Published Information

G1792 was identified in the sequence of BAC clone K14B15 (AB025608, gene K14B15.14).

Experimental Observations

G1792 (SEQ ID NO: 331) was studied using transgenic plants in which the gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. 35S::G1792 plants were more tolerant to the fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea and showed fewer symptoms after inoculation with a low dose of each pathogen. This result was confirmed in T2 lines. The effect of G1792 overexpression in increasing tolerance to pathogens received further, incidental confirmation. T2 plants of two 35S::G1792 lines had been growing in a room that suffered a serious powdery mildew infection. For each line, a pot of six plants was present in a flat containing nine other pots of lines from unrelated genes. In either of the two different flats, the only plants that were free from infection were those from the 35S::G1792 line. This observation indicated that G1792 overexpression might be used to increase resistance to powdery mildew. Additional experiments confirmed that 35S::G1792 plants showed increased tolerance to Erysiphe. G1792 was ubiquitously expressed, but appeared to be induced by salicylic acid.

35S::G1792 overexpressing plants also showed more tolerance to growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions. In a root growth assay under conditions of limiting N, 35S::G1792 lines were slightly less stunted. In a germination assay that monitored the effect of C on N signaling through anthocyanin production on high sucrose plus and minus glutamine the 35S::G1792 lines made less anthocyanin on high sucrose plus glutamine, suggesting that the gene can be involved in the plants ability to monitor their carbon and nitrogen status.

G1792 overexpressors were more tolerant to drought conditions than wild-type plants in soil-based assays.

G1792 overexpressing plants showed several mild morphological alterations: leaves were dark green and shiny, and plants bolted, subsequently senesced, slightly later than wild-type controls. Among the T1plants, additional morphological variation (not reproduced later in the T2 plants) was observed: many showed reductions in size as well as aberrations in leaf shape, phyllotaxy, and flower development.

Potential Applications

G1792 or its equivalogs can be used to engineer pathogen-resistant plants. In addition, it can also be used to improve seedling germination and performance under conditions of limited nitrogen.

Potential utilities of this gene or its equivalogs also include increasing chlorophyll content allowing more growth and productivity in conditions of low light. With a potentially higher photosynthetic rate, fruits could have higher sugar content. Increased carotenoid content could be used as a nutraceutical to produce foods with greater antioxidant capability.

G1792 or its equivalogs could be used to manipulate wax composition, amount, or distribution, which in turn could modify plant tolerance to drought and/or low humidity or resistance to insects, as well as plant appearance (shiny leaves). In particular, it would be interesting to see what the effect of increased wax deposition on leaves of a plant like cotton would do to drought resistance or water use efficiency. A possible application for this gene might be in reducing the wax coating on sunflower seeds (the wax fouls the oil extraction system during sunflower seed processing for oil). For this purpose, antisense or co-suppression of the gene in a tissue specific manner might be useful

G1816 (SEQ ID NO: 2142 and 2143)

G1816 corresponds to TRIPTYCHON (TRY, a gene that regulates epidermal cell specification in the leaf and root (Schnittger et al., 1998; 1999; Schellmann et al., 2002). The gene was included in our earlier studies as a putative paralog of G682 and based on the increased resistance of 35S::G1816 lines to osmotic stress conditions such as high levels of glucose.

The aim of this study was to re-assess 35S::G1816 lines and determine whether overexpression of the gene could confer enhanced stress tolerance in a comparable manner to G682. We also sought to examine whether use of a two-component overexpression system would produce any strengthening of the phenotype relative to the use of a 35S direct promoter-fusion.

We have now generated 35S::G1816 lines using the two component system. These lines showed a strong glabrous phenotype, similar to what was observed during our phase I study, and similar to the effect produced by G682 overexpression. However, many of the 35S::G1816 lines were noted to be smaller than controls, an effect that had not been previously recognized.

Ten of the two component lines were tested in plate based physiology assays, and all ten lines showed a strong resistance to osmotic stress when germinated on sucrose plates. All the lines examined also showed increased density of root hairs. These effects are broadly comparable to those observed in G682 lines, suggesting that the two genes likely have very related functions. However, 35S::G682 lines showed positive results in a greater number of assays than the 35S::G1816 lines (see 35S::G682 report), perhaps indicating that G682 can protect against a greater range of drought related stresses than G1816. TABLE 23 G1816 35S, 2-components supTfn Germ. Germ. in G682- in high high Germ Germ Growth like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling morph. 304 wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt wt + 306 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 311 wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt wt + 313 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 325 wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt wt + 327 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 345 wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt wt + 350 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 351 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 353 wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

Based on the tolerance of 35S::G1816 lines to osmotic stress, G682 and related sequences such as G1816 are good candidates for use in the alleviation of drought related stress. The strong performance of 35S::G1816 lines on plates containing high levels of sugar particularly suggests that the gene might also be applied to manipulate sugar-sensing responses. The decrease in size seen in some of the lines, suggests that optimization of stress tolerance gene might benefit by use of different promoters or protein modifications.

The epidermal phenotypes seen in 35S::G1816 lines indicate that the gene could also be used to modify developmental characters such as the formation of trichomes or root hairs.

G1820 (SEQ ID NO: 341 and 342)

Published Information

G1820 is a member of the Hap5 subfamily of CCAAT-box-binding transcription factors. G1820 was identified as part of the BAC clone MBA10, accession number AB025619 released by the Arabidopsis Genome sequencing project.

Experimental Observations

The complete sequence of G1820 was determined.

In soil-based assays, 35S::G1792 direct fusion overexpressing plants were significantly more drought tolerant than wild-type control plants

The function of this gene was also analyzed using transgenic plants in which G1820 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter with the two-component transformation system. A wide range of morphological alterations was observed, similar to those seen in our earlier studies.

In plate-based physiology assays on the two-component lines, many of our previously observed drought stress-related phenotypes were confirmed. The majority of lines were tolerant, to varying extents, in salt, mannitol, sucrose, ABA and cold in germination assays.

It should be emphasized that we have observed stress tolerance phenotypes for several other G481 related genes including G482, G485, G1836, and non-Arabidopsis sequences. The similar effects seen when these genes are overexpressed strongly suggest that they are likely be functionally related, at least with respect to this phenotype.

Overexpression of G1820 also consistently reduced the time to flowering. Under continuous light conditions at 20-25 C, the 35S::G1820 transformants displayed visible flower buds several days earlier than control plants. The primary shoots of these plants typically started flower initiation 1-4 leaf plastochrons sooner than those of wild type. Such effects were observed in all three T2 populations and in a substantial number of primary transformants.

When biochemical assays were performed, some changes in leaf fames were detected. In one line, an increase in the percentage of 18:3 and a decrease in 16:1 were observed. G1820 overexpressors behaved similarly to wild-type controls in other biochemical assays. As determined by RT-PCR, G1820 was highly expressed in embryos and siliques. No expression of G1820 was detected in the other tissues tested. G1820 expression appeared to be induced in rosette leaves by cold and drought stress treatments, and overexpressing lines showed tolerance to water deficit and high salt conditions.

One possible explanation for the complexity of the G1820 overexpression phenotype is that the gene is involved in the cross talk between ABA and GA signal transduction pathways. It is well known that seed dormancy and germination are regulated by the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA). These two hormones act antagonistically with each other. ABA induces seed dormancy in maturing embryos and inhibits germination of seeds. GA breaks seed dormancy and promotes germination. It is conceivable that the flowering time and ABA insensitive phenotypes observed in the G1820 overexpressors are related to an enhanced sensitivity to GA, or an increase in the level of GA, and that the phenotype of the overexpressors is unrelated to ABA. In Arabidopsis, GA is thought to be required to promote flowering in non-inductive photoperiods. However, the drought and salt tolerant phenotypes would indicate that ABA signal transduction is also perturbed in these plants. It seems counterintuitive for a plant with salt and drought tolerance to be ABA insensitive since ABA seems to activate signal transduction pathways involved in tolerance to salt and dehydration stresses. One explanation is that ABA levels in the G1820 overexpressors are also high but that the plant is unable to perceive or transduce the signal.

G1820 overexpressors also had decreased seed oil content and increased seed protein content compared to wild-type plants TABLE 24 G1820 35S, 2-components-supTfn Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 305 wt wt + ++ wt + wt wt + 310 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt 321 wt wt + + wt + wt wt wt 323 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 325 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt + 326 wt wt + + wt wt wt wt wt 327 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 341 ++ + + ++ wt + wt wt wt 343 ++ + + ++ wt wt wt wt wt 352 ++ + + + wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

G1820 affects ABA sensitivity, and thus when transformed into a plant this transcription factor or its equivalogs may diminish cold, drought, oxidative and other stress sensitivities, and also be used to after plant architecture, and yield.

The osmotic stress and cold assay results indicate that G481 and related sequences, including G1820, could be used to alter a plant's response to water deficit and can be used to engineer plants with enhanced tolerance to drought, salt stress, and freezing.

G1820 or its equivalogs may also be used to increase a plant's tolerance to cold.

G1820 or its equivalogs could also be used to accelerate flowering time.

G1820 or its equivalogs may be used to modify levels of saturation in oils.

G1820 or its equivalogs may be used to seed protein content.

The promoter of G1820 could be used to drive seed-specific gene expression.

Potential Applications

G1820 or equivalog overexpression may be used to alter seed protein content, which may be very important for the nutritional value and production of various food products

G1836 (SEQ ID NO: 343 and 344)

Published Information

G1836 was identified in the sequence of BAC F14123, GenBank accession number AC007399, released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative.

Experimental Observations

The complete sequence of G1836 was determined. The function of this gene was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G1836 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Morphologically, the plants were somewhat paler than the wild-type controls. This observation did not translate into a detectable difference in the chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b content in these transgenics (see biochemistry data). Overexpression of G1836 affected the plants' ability to tolerate high concentrations of salt in a germination assay. All of the lines showed greater expansion of the cotyledons when seeds are germinated on MS media containing high concentrations of NaCl, indicating they had more tolerance to salt stress compared to the wild-type controls. There was no enhanced tolerance to high salt in older seedlings in a root growth assay. This was not unexpected because salt tolerance in the two developmental stages in often uncoupled in nature indicating mechanistic differences.

G1836 overexpression also resulted in plants that were more drought tolerant than wild-type control plants.

Expression of G1836 was also repressed by Erysiphe orontii infection.

Seven of ten lines tested in a recent series of plate-based assays showed enhanced abiotic stress tolerance, as indicated in Table 25. These results included six lines with improved salt tolerance, and several of the lines showed altered sugar sensing in sucrose- and mannitol-based assays, less sensitivity to ABA, and improved tolerance to cold in germination and chilling assays. TABLE 25 G1836 35S, 2 components-supTfn Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 306 + wt + ++ wt wt wt wt + 362 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 363 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 365 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 367 wt wt wt wt wt ++ wt wt + 381 + wt + + wt wt wt wt + 383 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 384 + wt + + wt wt wt wt wt 385 + + + wt wt wt wt wt wt 386 + wt + + wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of these abiotic stress assays indicate that G1836 can be used to increase plant tolerance to drought, soil salinity and cold conditions during germination or at the seedling stage. The results of these studies confirm our earlier conclusions that G481 and its related genes, including G1836, are excellent candidates for improvement of drought and cold-related stress tolerance in plants.

G1930 (SEQ ID NO: 369 and 370)

Published Information

G1930 was identified in the sequence of P1 clone K13N2 (gene K13N2.7, GenBank protein accession number BAA95760).

Experimental Observations

G1930 was ubiquitously expressed and did not appear to be induced by any of the conditions tested.

We generated 35S::G1930 lines via both the direct promoter-fusion and the 2-component methods. Both types of lines exhibited a variety of morphological phenotypes including reduced size, slow growth, and alterations in leaf orientation. In some lines, changes in leaf shape, hypocotyl length, trichome density, flowering time and non-specific floral abnormalities that reduced fertility were also observed.

We tested both two component and direct promoter-fusion lines under a variety of plate based treatments. Comparable results were obtained with both types of lines, but the 2-component lines generally showed stronger phenotypes, suggesting perhaps, that this system afforded an amplification of G1930 activity relative to the direct promoter-fusion. All twenty of the lines tested gave positive results in one or more of the stress treatments, including, sucrose, NaCl, ABA, cold germination and cold growth. Particularly strong resistance was seen in the NaCl and sucrose germination assays.

An increase in the amount of chlorophylls a and b in seeds of two T2 lines was detected.

We have obtained comparable developmental effects as well as a strong enhancement of drought related stress tolerance from all four of the Arabidopsis genes in the G867 study group (G9, G867, G993, and G1930). The almost identical phenotypic effects produced by these genes strongly suggest that they are functionally equivalent. TABLE 26 G1930 35S, Direct promoter-fusion and 2-components-supTfn Germ. Germ. in in high high Germ Germ Growth Line Transformation NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 304 Direct + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 305 Direct wt wt ++ wt wt + wt wt wt fusion 306 Direct + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 308 Direct wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 309 Direct wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 311 Direct wt wt + wt wt + wt wt + fusion 365 Direct + wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt wt fusion 367 Direct + wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 369 Direct + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 370 Direct + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + fusion 321 2-comp + wt ++ wt wt wt wt wt + 322 2-comp + wt + + wt wt wt wt + 324 2-comp + wt + + wt wt wt wt + 327 2-comp + wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt 329 2-comp + wt + wt wt wt wt wt + 331 2-comp + wt ++ + wt wt wt + 332 2-comp + wt + + wt wt wt wt wt 334 2-comp + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 336 2-comp + wt ++ + wt wt wt wt + 339 2-comp + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 331 2-comp + Potential Applications

Based on the results of our overexpression studies, G867 and related sequences such as G1930 are excellent candidate genes for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in commercial plant species. The morphological effects associated with their overexpression indicate that tissue specific or conditional promoters might be used to optimize the utility of these genes.

This gene could also be used to regulate the levels of chlorophyll in seeds.

G2053 (SEQ ID NO: 389 and 390)

Published Information

G2053 was identified in the sequence of BAC T27C4, GenBank accession number AC022287, released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative.

Experimental Observations

The function of G2053 was analyzed using transgenic plants in which the gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. In a root growth assay on media containing high concentrations of PEG, G2053 overexpressors showed more root growth compared to wild-type controls. G2053 overexpressors also were significantly more drought tolerant than wild-type control plants.

Potential Applications

G2053 or its equivalogs could be used to alter a plant's response water deficit conditions and, therefore, could be used to engineer plants with enhanced tolerance to drought, salt stress, and freezing. G2133 (SEQ ID NO: 407 and 408) G2133 corresponds to gene F26A9.11 (AAF23336).

Experimental Observations

The function of G2133 was studied using transgenic plants in which the gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter.

G2133 expression was detected in a variety of tissues: flower, leaf, embryo, and silique samples. Its expression might be altered by several conditions, including auxin treatment, osmotic stress, and Fusarium infection. Overexpression of G2133 caused a variety of alterations in plant growth and development: delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, and a decrease in overall size and fertility. G2133 plants were more tolerant to glyphosate than wild-type control plants.

At early stages, 35S::G2133 transformants were markedly smaller than controls and displayed curled, dark-green leaves. Most of these plants remained in a vegetative phase of development substantially longer than controls, and produced an increased number of leaves before bolting. In the most severely affected plants, bolting occurred more than a month later than in wild type (24-hour light). In addition, the plants displayed a reduction in apical dominance and formed large numbers of shoots simultaneously, from the axils of rosette leaves. These inflorescence stems had short internodes, and carried increased numbers of cauline leaf nodes, giving them a very leafy appearance. The fertility of 35S::G2133 plants was generally very low. In addition, G2133 overexpressing lines were found to be more resistant to the herbicide glyphosate in initial and repeat experiments.

G2133 is a paralog of G47, the latter having been known from earlier studies to confer a drought tolerance phenotype when overexpressed. It was thus not surprising when G2133 was also shown to induce drought tolerance in a number of 35S::G2133 lines challenged in soil-based drought assays. After re-watering, all of the plants of both G2133 overexpressor lines became reinvigorated, and all of the control plants died or were severely affected by the drought treatment.

Potential Applications

G2133 and its equivalogs can be used to increase the tolerance of plants to drought and to other osmotic stresses. G2133 could also be used for the generation of glyphosate resistant plants, and to increase plant resistance to oxidative stress and glyphosate.

G2153 (SEQ ED NO: 417 and 418)

Published Information

The sequence of G2153 was obtained from Arabidopsis genomic sequencing project, GenBank accession number AC011437, based on its sequence similarity within the conserved domain to other AT-hook related proteins in Arabidopsis. G2153 corresponds to gene F7018.4 (AAF04888).

Experimental Observations

The complete sequence of G2153 was determined. G2153 was strongly expressed in roots, embryos, siliques, and germinating seed, but at low or undetectable levels in shoots, flowers, and rosette leaves. It was not significantly induced or repressed by any condition tested.

The function of this gene was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G2153 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Overexpression of G2153 in Arabidopsis resulted in seedlings with an altered response to osmotic stress. In a germination assay on media containing high sucrose, G2153 overexpressors had more expanded cotyledons and longer roots than the wild-type controls. This phenotype was confirmed in repeat experiments on individual lines, and all three lines showed osmotic tolerance. Increased tolerance to high sucrose could also be indicative of effects on sugar sensing. Overexpression of G2153 produced no consistent effects on Arabidopsis morphology, and no altered phenotypes were noted in any of the biochemical assays.

Potential Applications

G2153 or its equivalogs can be improve a plant's response to drought, salt stress, and freezing.

G2153 or its equivalogs may also be useful for altering a plant's response to sugars.

G2155 (SEQ ID NO: 419 and 420)

Published Information

The sequence of G2155 was obtained from Arabidopsis genomic sequencing project, GenBank accession number AC012188.

Experimental Observations

The complete sequence of G2155 was determined. G2155 expression was detected at low levels only in flowers and embryos. It was not induced in rosette leaves by any condition tested.

The function of this gene was analyzed using transgenic plants in which G2155 was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Overexpression of G2155 produced a marked delay in the time to flowering. Under continuous light conditions, 35S::G2155 transformants displayed a considerable extension of vegetative development, and typically formed flower buds about two weeks later than wild-type controls. At early stages, the plants were slightly small and had rather rounded leaves compared to wild type. However, later in development, when the leaves were fully expanded, 35S::G2155 plants became very large, dark-green, and senesced much later than controls.

In addition, overexpression of G2155 resulted in an increase in seed glucosinolate M39497 in two T2 lines. No other phenotypic alterations were observed in any of the biochemical or physiological assays.

Potential Applications

G2155 or equivalog overexpression may be used to delay flowering.

G2155 or its equivalogs could also be used to alter seed glucosinolate composition.

G2345 (SEQ ED NO: 2171 and 2172)

G2345 is a putative paralog of G481, and is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT transcription factor family. During our earlier program, we found that G2345-overexpressing plants were similar to wild-type plants in all assays performed. The aim of this study was to reassess the role of G2345 in drought stress related tolerance via two-component overexpression.

We have now generated 35S lines for G2345 using the two component system; three batches of T1 lines were obtained, including lines 301-302, 341-347, and 381-400. Some size variation was apparent in the second batch of plants (341-347), but otherwise, no consistent differences in morphology were observed compared to wild-type controls.

Two of two lines of overexpressors tested showed better germination in cold conditions than did wild-type control plants. TABLE 27 G2345 35S, 2-components supTfn Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 302 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 341 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 386 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 387 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 389 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 390 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 392 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 393 wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt 400 wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the cold germination assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including G2345, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

G2509 (SEQ ID NO: 439 and 440)

Published Information

G2509 corresponds to gene T2I1_(—)20 (CAB87920).

Experimental Observations

G2509 (SEQ ID NO: 439) was studied using transgenic plants in which the gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. Overexpression of G2509 caused multiple alterations in plant growth and development, most notably, altered branching patterns, and a reduction in apical dominance, giving the plants a shorter, bushier stature than wild type. Twenty 35S::G2509 primary transformants were examined; at early stages of rosette development, these plants displayed a wild-type phenotype. However, at the switch to flowering, almost all T1 lines showed a marked loss of apical dominance and large numbers of secondary shoots developed from axils of primary rosette leaves. In the most extreme cases, the shoots had very short internodes, giving the inflorescence a very bushy appearance. Such shoots were often very thin and flowers were relatively small and poorly fertile. At later stages, many plants appeared very small and had a low seed yield compared to wild type. In addition to the effects on branching, a substantial number of 35S::G2509 primary transformants also flowered early and had buds visible several days prior to wild type. Similar effects on inflorescence development were noted in each of three T2 populations examined. The branching and plant architecture phenotypes observed in 35S::G2509 lines resemble phenotypes observed for three other AP2/EREBP genes: G865, G1411, and G1794, G2509, G865, and G1411 form a small clade within the large AP2/EREBP family, and G1794, although not belonging to the clade, is one of the AP2/EREBP genes closest to it in the phylogenetic tree. It is thus likely that all these genes share a related function, such as affecting hormone balance.

G2509 overexpressing plants had increased seed protein compared to wild-type control plants.

Overexpression of G2509 in Arabidopsis resulted in an increase in alpha-tocopherol in seeds in two T2 lines. G2509 was ubiquitously expressed in Arabidopsis plant tissue. G2509 expression levels were altered by a variety of environmental or physiological conditions.

Potential Applications

G2509 or its equivalogs can be used to manipulate plant architecture and development, alter tocopherol composition, and flowering time.

G2583 (SEQ ID NO: 449 and 450)

Published Information

G2583 corresponds to gene F2I11_(—)80 (CAB96654).

Experimental Observations

35S::G2583 plants exhibited extremely glossy leaves. At early stages, 35S::G2583 seedlings appeared normal, but by about two weeks after sowing, the plants exhibited very striking shiny leaves, which were apparent until very late in development. Many lines displayed a variety of other effects such as a reduction in overall size, narrow curled leaves, or various non-specific floral abnormalities, which reduced fertility. These effects on leaf appearance were observed in 18 of 20 primary transformants, and in all the plants from 4 of 6 T2 lines. The glossy nature of the leaves may be a consequence of changes in epicuticular wax content or composition. G2583 belongs to a small lade within the large AP2/EREBP Arabidopsis family that also contains G975, G1387, and G977. G975 overexpression causes a substantial increase in leaf wax and a morphology resembling that of 35S::G2583 plants. G2583 was ubiquitously expressed at higher levels in root, flower, embryo, and siliques.

Potential Applications

G2583 or its equivalogs can be used to modify plant appearance by producing shiny leaves. In addition, it or its equivalogs can be used to manipulate wax composition, amount, or distribution, which in turn can modify plant tolerance to drought and/or low humidity or resistance to insects.

G2718 (SEQ ID NO: 2191 and 2192)

G2718 was included in our earlier studies as a putative paralog of G682. A genetic analysis of G2718 function has not yet been published. The aim of this study was to re-assess 35S::G2718 lines and determine whether overexpression of the gene could confer enhanced stress tolerance in a comparable manner to G682. We also sought to examine whether use of a two-component overexpression system would produce any strengthening of the phenotype relative to the use of a 35S direct promoter-fusion.

We have now generated 35S::G2718 lines using the two component system. These lines showed a strong glabrous phenotype, similar to what was observed during our earlier studies, and similar to the effect produced by G682 overexpression. Almost all of the lines tested were more tolerant to high sucrose in an osmotic stress assay, and two lines were found to be insensitive to ABA. TABLE 28 G1816 35S, 2-components supTfn Germ. Germ. in G682- in high high Germ Germ Growth like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling morph. 341 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt 342 wt wt + + wt wt wt + 425 wt wt + wt wt wt wt + 427 wt wt + wt wt wt wt + 428 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 429 wt wt + wt wt wt wt + 431 wt wt + wt wt wt wt + 432 wt wt + wt wt wt wt ++ 433 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt 439 wt wt + wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

Based on the tolerance of 35S::G1816 lines to osmotic stress, G682 and related sequences such as G1816 are good candidates for use in the alleviation of drought related stress. The strong performance of 35S::G1816 lines on plates containing high levels of sugar particularly suggests that the gene might also be applied to manipulate sugar-sensing responses. However, the decrease in size seen in some of the lines, suggests that the gene might require optimization by use of different promoters or protein modifications, prior to product development.

The epidermal phenotypes seen in 35S::G1816 lines indicate that the gene could also be used to modify developmental characters such as the formation of trichomes or root hairs.

Rice G3377 (SEQ ID NO: 1221 and 2934)

G3377 is a rice gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G912. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3377 has an equivalent function to G912 via the analysis of 35S::G3377 Arabidopsis lines.

35S::G3377 overexpressors were obtained at relatively low frequency. The lines that were recovered showed a number of striking morphological effects including a reduction in size, dark coloration and delayed flowering. Such features were somewhat comparable to those shown by 35S::G912 lines, indicating that the two genes likely have a similar function.

Lines of plants overexpressing these rice sequences were shown to have increased germination in high salt, mannitol, sucrose and hot conditions, as seen in the following table. TABLE 29 G3377 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 382 + + + wt wt 383 wt + + wt wt 384 wt wt wt wt + 385 wt wt wt wt wt 386 wt wt + wt wt 388 wt wt wt wt wt 389 wt wt wt wt + 390 wt wt wt wt wt 391 wt wt wt wt wt 392 wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

Given the comparable morphological effects of G3377 and G912 overexpression, it is probable that the genes have comparable roles.

The delayed flowering exhibited by 35S::G3377 lines suggest that the gene might also be applied to modify flowering time; in particular, an extension of vegetative growth can significantly increase biomass and result in substantial yield increases. In some species (for example sugar beet), where the vegetative parts of the plant constitute the crop, it would be advantageous to delay or suppress flowering in order to prevent resources being diverted into reproductive development. Additionally, delaying flowering beyond the normal time of harvest could alleviate the risk of transgenic pollen escape from such crops.

The results of the abiotic stress assays confirm that G912 and its related sequences, including the rice G3377 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Rice G3392 (SEQ ID NO: 1082 and 2920)

G3392 is a rice gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G682. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3392 has an equivalent function to the G682-related genes from Arabidopsis via the analysis of 35S::G3392 Arabidopsis lines.

We have now generated 35S::G3392 lines; these plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a reduction in overall size. Such similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. Interestingly, many of the 35S::G3392 lines also produced pale yellow seed, which likely indicated a reduction in anthocyanin levels in the seed coat. Such an effect was not observed 35S::G682 seed, but G682 and its paralogs were found during our genomics studies to inhibit anthocyanin production. TABLE 30 G3392 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 301 wt wt wt wt wt + wt + + + 305 wt wt + wt wt + wt + + + 306 + wt + wt wt + − + + + 321 wt wt + wt wt + wt + + + 322 + wt wt wt wt + − ND + + 341 wt + + wt wt + wt + + + 342 + + ++ wt wt + wt + + + 346 wt + + wt wt + wt + + + 347 wt wt wt wt wt + wt + + + 348 wt wt + wt wt + wt + + + Potential Applications

The results of these abiotic stress assays confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the rice G3392 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3392 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation. The lighter coloration of 35S::G3392 plants could indicate that G3392 might be used to regulate the production of flavonoid related compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of foodstuffs.

Rice G3393 (SEQ ID NO: 559 and 2921)

G3393 is a putative rice ortholog of G682. 35S::G3393 lines plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a reduction in overall size. These similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. Many of the 35S::G3393 lines also produced pale yellow seed, which likely indicated a reduction in anthocyanin levels in the seed coat. Such an effect was not observed 35S::G682 seed, but we did find that G682 and its paralogs inhibited anthocyanin production. TABLE 31 G3393 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 305 wt wt + wt wt wt wt ++ + 307 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt ++ + 323 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 324 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 326 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 327 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt ++ + 328 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt ++ + 331 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 333 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + Potential Applications

The results of the cold germination and sucrose assays confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the rice G3393 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3393 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation. The lighter coloration of 35S::G3393 plants could indicate that G3393 might be used to regulate the production of flavonoid related compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of foodstuffs.

Rice G3395 (SEQ ED NO: 790 and 2910)

G3395 is an ortholog of G481 from Oryza saliva. G3395 is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family and corresponds to OsHAP3A and has been recently been shown to influence chloroplast biogenesis (Miyoshi et al. (2003) Plant J. 36: 532-540). We have previously indicated that overexpression of G3395 conferred a salt tolerant phenotype in Arabidopsis plants (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/675,852, filed Sep. 30, 2003).

Experimental Observations

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of G3395 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effects with that of the other G481 orthologs and paralogs.

The majority of 35S::G3395 plants showed a very slight acceleration in flowering time, but a single line showed slightly late flowering. One G3395-overexpressing line was shown to have improved tolerance to drought in a plate-based assay. The same line also showed increased tolerance to high salt concentration relative to wild-type or non-transformed controls, confirming the prior observed result. TABLE 32 G3395 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 302 + wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt 303 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 304 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 305 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 307 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of this drought assay conform that G481 and its related sequences, including the rice sequence G3395, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Rice G3397 (SEQ ID NO: 794 and 2911)

G3397, an ortholog of G481 from Oryza saliva, is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. This gene is phylogenetically most closely related to G485, another member of the HAP3 subgroup. G3397 corresponds to OsHAP3C and has been recently been shown to influence chloroplast biogenesis Miyoshi et al. (2003) supra).

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to assess the role of G3397 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effects with that of the other G481 orthologs and paralogs.

35S::G3397 plants showed a 1-2 week acceleration in flowering time, compared to wild-type or non-transformed plants. This same phenotype was also noted for the most closely related Arabidopsis gene G485. These early flowering lines also were smaller than controls. Ten lines were tested in plate-based physiology assays. One of these lines showed insensitivity to ABA, and another germinated better than wild-type or non-transformed plants in hot conditions. TABLE 33 G3397 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 322 wt wt wt wt wt 323 wt wt wt wt wt 324 wt wt wt wt wt 326 wt wt wt + wt 328 wt wt wt wt wt 330 wt wt wt wt wt 334 wt wt wt wt wt 335 wt wt wt wt wt 338 wt wt wt wt wt 339 wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The results of the heat and ABA germination assays confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the rice sequence G3397, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Rice G3398 (SEQ ID NO: 796 and 2912)

G3398 from Oryza saliva is related to G481, and phylogenetically most closely related to G485. Like G481 and G485, G3398 is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to assess the role of G3398 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effects with that of the other G481 orthologs and paralogs.

35S::G3398 plants showed a 1-2 week acceleration in flowering time, compared to wild-type or non-transformed plants. This same phenotype was also noted for the most closely related Arabidopsis gene, G485. These early flowering lines also were smaller than controls.

In the most recent study, six lines overexpressing G3398 have thus far been tested in physiological assays. One line was shown to germinate better in heat than wild-type or non-transformed controls. TABLE 34 G3398 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 303 wt wt wt wt + 323 wt wt wt wt wt 324 wt wt wt wt wt 329 wt wt wt wt wt 332 wt wt wt wt wt 335 wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the heat germination assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the rice G3398 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Rice G3399 (SEQ ED NO: 1399 and 2937)

G3399 identified as a putative rice ortholog of G1073. Phylogenetic analysis identifies G3399 along with G3400 as being the most closely related orthologs to G1073. The aim of this project is to determine whether overexpression of G3399 in Arabidopsis produces comparable effects to those of G1073 overexpression.

35S::G3399 lines have been obtained containing either of two different constructs. Both constructs produced similar morphological phenotypes; many of the lines were small at early stages, showed alterations in leaf shape, and had slightly delayed flowering. However a significant number of lines developed enlarged lateral organs (leaves and flowers), particularly at later stages.

It is noteworthy that one of the constructs (P21269) contained an amino acid conversion (proline to a glutamine at residue 198, in a conserved domain) relative to the native protein. Lines for this mutated protein showed fewer undesirable morphologies than the wild type version.

The morphologically similar effects caused by overexpression of this rice gene versus G1073 and the Arabidopsis paralogs, suggest that they likely have related functions. TABLE 35 G3399 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 321 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 322 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 323 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 325 wt wt wt wt ++ wt wt wt wt 330 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 331 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 332 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 336 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 338 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt 340 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 347 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 348 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The morphological phenotype induced by G3399 indicates that the gene could be used to modify traits such as organ size and flowering time. This study also identified a specific region of the G3399 protein that might be modified in order to optimize the acquisition of desirable phenotypes. In cases where the increased size conferred by G3399 overexpression would be undesirable, the morphological changes caused by G3440 overexpression may optimized by the use of, for example, inducible or tissue specific promoters.

The results of the heat germination and chilling assays conform that G1073 and its related sequences, including the rice G3399 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Rice G3429 (SEQ ID NO: 2945 and 2946)

G3429 from Oryza sativa is a gene related to G481. From our phylogenetic analysis, G3429 appears to be more distantly related to G481 than the other non-Arabidopsis genes in this study (FIG. 3). The gene encodes a protein corresponding to OsNF-YB1 and has been shown to form a ternary complex with a MADS protein OsMADS18 Masiero et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277: 26429-26435).

Experimental Observations

The aim of this project was to assess the role of G3429 in drought stress-related tolerance, and compare the effects with those of the G481 related genes.

Out of twenty 35S::G3429 T1 plants examined, six were notably late flowering and had narrow leaves compared to wild-type or non-transformed plants.

Six of ten G3429-overexpressing lines were more tolerant to high salt conditions than wild-type or non-transformed plants. TABLE 36 G3429 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 302 + wt wt wt − wt wt wt wt 304 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 305 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 311 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 312 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 313 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 319 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the heat germination and chilling assays confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the rice G3429 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Corn G3431 (SEQ ID NO: 1089, 556 and 2922)

G3431 is a maize gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G682. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3431 has an equivalent function to the G682-related genes from Arabidopsis via the analysis of 35S::G3431 Arabidopsis lines.

We have now generated 35S::G3431 lines; these plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a reduction in overall size. These similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. Interestingly, some of the 35S::G3431 lines also produced pale yellow seed, which likely indicated a reduction in anthocyanin levels in the seed coat. Such an effect was not observed 35S::G682 seed, but G682 and its paralogs were found during earlier genomics studies to inhibit anthocyanin production. TABLE 37 G3431 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 303 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt ++ + 306 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt − 321 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt + + 322 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 325 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt + + 327 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 328 wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt + + 331 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 333 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 340 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The results of these abiotic stress assays confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the corn G3431 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3431 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation. The lighter coloration of 35S::G3431 plants could indicate that G3431 might be used to regulate the production of flavonoid related compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of foodstuffs.

Corn G3434 (SEQ ID NO: 806, and 2913)

G3434 is an ortholog of G481 and G482 from Zea mays, and is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. Among the Arabidopsis paralogs in the G481/G482 study group, G3434 is phylogenetically most closely related to G481.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study is to assess the role of G3434 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effect with that of the other G481/G482 orthologs and paralogs. As seen in Table 38, 35S::G3434 lines showed enhanced salt tolerance and improved sugar sensing as compared to wild-type or non-transformed plants. TABLE 38 G3434 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 421 wt wt wt wt wt 422 + wt wt wt wt 423 wt wt wt wt wt 424 wt wt wt wt wt 426 wt wt wt wt wt 429 + + + wt wt 432 wt wt wt wt wt 434 + + + wt wt 435 wt wt wt wt wt 436 wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of these salt, mannitol and sucrose stress assays confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the corn G3434 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Corn G3436 (SEQ ID NO: 805 and 2914)

G3436 from Zea mays is a putative ortholog of G481, and is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. Among the Arabidopsis paralogs in the G481 study group, this gene is phylogenetically most closely related to G485.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to assess the role of G3436 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effects with that of the other G481 orthologs and paralogs.

Twenty lines of 35S::G3436 plants showed accelerated flowering time by about 1 week compared to wild-type or non-transformed plants. This same phenotype was also noted for the most closely related Arabidopsis gene, G485. Many of these early flowering lines also were smaller than controls.

As seen in Table 39, G3436 overexpressors performed better than controls in a significant number of assay conditions, including high salt, heat germination, cold germination, and growth in cold. TABLE 39 G3436 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 wt wt wt wt + + wt wt + 302 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 304 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt + 305 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 wt wt wt wt + + wt wt wt 312 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt 313 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 314 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 315 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the salt, heat, cold germination and chilling assays confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the corn G3436 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Corn G3440 (SEQ ED NO: 1246, 1213 and 2936)

G3440 is a maize gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G912. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3440 has an equivalent function to G912 via the analysis of 35S::G3440 Arabidopsis lines.

35S::G3440 lines were small, dark in coloration, and flowered later than control lines. These effects were very similar to those produced by overexpression of G912 in Arabidopsis. TABLE 40 G3440 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 302 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 311 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 312 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 314 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 317 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 320 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

Given the comparable morphological effects of G3440 and G912 overexpression, it is probable that the genes have comparable roles. The developmental changes caused by G3440 overexpression suggest that the gene would benefit from optimization with, for example, the use of inducible or tissue specific promoters.

The results of the chilling assay confirm that G912 and its related sequences, including the corn G3440 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Soy G3445 (SEQ ID NO: 1083 and 2915)

G3445 is a soy gene that was identified as a putative ortholog of G682.

We have now generated 35S::G3445 lines; these plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a slight reduction in overall size. These similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. TABLE 41 G3445 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 301 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt 302 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt + 303 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt 321 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt − 323 wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt wt wt 341 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 342 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt 344 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 345 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 347 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the ABA and drought assays, confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the soy G3445 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3445 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation.

Soy G3448 (SEQ ID NO: 1087, 553 and 2917)

G3448 is a soy gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G682. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3448 has an equivalent function to the G682-related genes from Arabidopsis via the analysis of 35S::G3448 Arabidopsis lines.

We have now generated 35S::G3448 lines; these plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a reduction in overall size. These similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. Additionally the 35S::G3448 lines showed a somewhat lighter coloration than controls, perhaps indicating that levels of pigments such as anthocyanins were reduced in leaf tissue. TABLE 42 G3448 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 302 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 303 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 305 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt + 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 313 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 314 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 315 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 317 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The results of these drought and chilling stress assays confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the soy G3448 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3448 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation. The lighter coloration of 35S::G3448 plants could indicate that G3448 might be used to regulate the production of flavonoid related compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of foodstuffs.

Soy G3449 (SEQ ID NO: 1088, 554 and 2918)

G3449 is a soy gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G682. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3449 has an equivalent function to the G682-related genes from Arabidopsis via the analysis of 35S::G3449 Arabidopsis lines.

We have now generated 35S::G3449 lines; these plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a slight reduction in overall size. These similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. Additionally, 35S::G3449 transformants were distinctly paler than wild-type at the seedling stage, perhaps indicating a reduction in the levels of pigments such as anthocyanins. TABLE 43 G3449 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 303 wt wt wt wt + + wt wt wt + 304 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 305 wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt + 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 307 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 311 wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt + + 312 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 313 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The results of the salt and cold germination assay confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the soy G3449 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3449 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation. The lighter coloration of 35S::G3449 plants could indicate that G3449 might be used to regulate the production of flavonoid related compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of foodstuffs.

Soy G3450 (SEQ ID NO: 1084, 550, 1076 and 2919)

G3450 is a soy gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G682. Based on a phylogenetic tree built using conserved MYB domains, the G3450 protein appears to be more closely related to the G682-clade of Arabidopsis genes than any of the other putative orthologs included the study. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3450 has an equivalent function to the G682-related genes from Arabidopsis via the analysis of 35S::G3450 Arabidopsis lines.

We have now generated 35S::G3450 lines; these plants showed comparable morphological effects to 35S::G682 lines and exhibited a glabrous phenotype combined with a slight reduction in overall size. These similarities in phenotypes suggest that the genes have similar functions. Interestingly, 35S::G3450 lines were slightly pale and some of the lines produced pale yellow seed, which likely indicated a reduction in anthocyanin levels in the seed coat. Such an effect was not observed in 35S::G682 seed, but G682 and its paralogs were found during our genomics studies to inhibit anthocyanin production.

35S::G3450 lines have recently been tested in drought related assays; all of these lines exhibited an increase in root hair density and seven of the ten lines showed an enhanced performance in one or more of the plate-based drought related stress assays.

The comparable morphological and physiological effects obtained in 35S::G3450 lines versus overexpression lines for the G682-related Arabidopsis genes, indicates that the G3450 protein has a very similar or equivalent activity to the Arabidopsis proteins TABLE 44 G3450 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ in Germ. in Germ Germ G682- high high in in Heat like root Line NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA heat cold growth Drought Chilling morph. 301 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 302 wt wt wt wt + + wt wt wt + 303 wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt + + 304 wt wt wt wt wt + + wt wt + 305 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt + 307 wt wt wt wt wt + + wt + + 313 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + + 315 + wt wt wt wt + + + + + 317 + wt wt wt wt + wt wt + + Potential Applications

The results of the cold, heat cold and salt germination and growth assays confirm that G682 and its related sequences, including the soy G3450 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The effect of G3450 on epidermal patterning indicates that the gene could be applied to manipulate trichome development; in some species trichomes accumulate valuable secondary metabolites and in other instances are thought to provide protection against predation. The lighter coloration of 35S::G3450 plants could indicate that G3450 might be used to regulate the production of flavonoid related compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of foodstuffs.

Soy G3452 (SEQ ID NO: 1183, 1162 and 2924)

G3452 is a soy gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G867. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3452 has an equivalent function to G867 via the analysis of 35S::G3452 Arabidopsis lines.

35S::G3452 lines displayed a number of morphological similarities, such as reduced size and alterations in coloration, to those seen in earlier studies with 35S::G867 lines. A number of the 35S::G3452 lines were also slightly early flowering. TABLE 45 G3452 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 304 + + + wt wt + + + 305 + wt + wt wt + wt wt 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 314 + wt + wt wt wt wt + 316 + wt + wt wt wt wt + 318 wt wt + wt wt wt wt + Potential Applications

The results of these abiotic stress assays confirm that G867 and its related sequences, including the soy G3452 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The accelerated flowering seen in 35S::G3452 plants indicate that the gene could be used to manipulate flowering time. In particular, shortening generation times would also help speed-up breeding programs, particularly in species such as trees, which typically grow for many years before flowering. Conversely, it might be possible to modify the activity of G3452 (or its orthologs) to delay flowering in order to achieve an increase in biomass and yield.

Soy G3465 (SEQ ED NO: 1206 and 1242)

G3465 is a soy gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G912. On a phylogenetic tree, this gene appears to be more closely related to G912 and CBF1-3, than to the two related Arabidopsis genes, G2107 and G2513. The aim of this project was to determine whether G3465 has an equivalent function to G912 via the analysis of 35S::G3465 Arabidopsis lines.

Overexpression of G3465 produced deleterious effects in Arabidopsis; 35S::G3465 lines were small, dark in coloration and slow growing. Such features were comparable to, and possibly even more severe than those shown by 35S::G912 lines, indicating that the two genes likely have a similar function. One overexpressing line was shown to have increased germination in high mannitol relative to wild-type control plants, and another line was insensitive to ABA. TABLE 46 G3465 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 321 wt wt wt wt wt 322 wt wt wt wt wt 323 wt wt wt wt wt 324 wt wt wt wt wt 341 wt wt wt wt wt 343 wt wt wt wt wt 344 wt wt wt wt wt 346 wt + wt wt wt 347 wt wt wt wt wt 348 wt wt wt + wt Potential Applications

Given the similar morphological effects of G3465 and G912 overexpression, it is probable that the genes have comparable roles. The morphological effects that were apparent in these lines suggest that the utilization of G3465 might benefit from optimization by use of different promoters or protein modifications.

The results of the mannitol and ABA germination assays confirm that G912 and its related sequences, including the soy G3465 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Soy G3469 (SEQ ID NO: 1210 and 1237)

G3469 is a soy gene that was identified as being a putative ortholog of G912. Morphologically, the overexpressors of G3469 ranged from being somewhat small in size to plants with no consistent differences to control.

Results of plate based assays show that G3469 is, like its ortholog G912, is able to confer abiotic stress tolerance in plants, as indicated by the greater tolerance than wild type control plants of G3469 overexpressors to chilling conditions and germination in high salt. TABLE 47 G3469 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 302 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 303 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 305 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 311 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 312 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 314 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 315 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 319 + wt wt wt wt wt wt + 304 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 307 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 317 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 318 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt Potential Applications

The results of the salt, drought and chilling assays confirm that G912 and its related sequences, including the soy G3469 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Soy G3470 (SEQ ID NO: 2947 and 2948)

G3470 is ortholog of G481 and G482 from Glycine max. Among the Arabidopsis paralogs in the G481 study group, G3470 is phylogenetically most closely related to G481 itself.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to assess the role of G3470 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effects with that of the other G481 orthologs and paralogs.

Twenty 35S::G3470 lines were examined. Half of the transformants exhibited a marked delay in flowering, of about 1 week, and had rather dark narrowed leaves compared to wild-type or non-transformed controls. This same phenotype was noted for G481 and some of its other putative orthologs.

35S::G3470 lines have now been tested in plate based physiology assays; seven of ten lines showed enhanced germination, relative to wild type, when tested in NaCl germination assays. Additionally, two 35S::G3470 lines showed an enhanced performance in a heat growth assay. TABLE 48 G3470 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. in Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt 302 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 303 + wt wt wt wt wt + wt wt 305 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 316 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 317 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 318 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the salt germination assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the soy G3470 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Soy G3471 (SEQ ID NO: 2949 and 2950)

G3471 from Glycine max is an ortholog of G481 and G482. Among the Arabidopsis paralogs in the G481 study group, G3471 is phylogenetically most closely related to G481.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to assess the role of G3471 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression, and compare the effects with that of the other G481 orthologs and paralogs.

Changes in flowering time were seen among the 35S::G3471 lines. A number of lines appeared late flowering, while others showed a marginal acceleration of flowering. Some of the 35S::G3471 lines also showed alterations in leaf shape.

Several lines performed better than controls in abiotic stress assays, including germination in heat, growth in cold conditions, and better drought tolerance in a plate-based assay. TABLE 49 G3471 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 303 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt + 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 307 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + wt 312 wt wt wt wt + wt wt wt wt 328 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 329 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 330 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 337 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 338 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the salt germination assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the soy G3472 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Potential Applications

The results of the salt germination assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the soy G3472 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Soy G3472 (SEQ ED NO: 801 and 2907)

G3472 is an ortholog of G481 and G482 from Glycine max, and is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. Among the Arabidopsis paralogs in the G481 study group, this gene is phylogenetically most closely related to G485.

Experimental Observations

The aim of this study was to assess the role of G3472 in drought stress-related tolerance via overexpression. 35S::G3472 lines showed no consistent differences in morphology to wild-type or non-transformed controls. G3472 did not produce accelerated flowering in the same manner as did other G485 related genes such as G3474, G3475 and G3476.

Three 35S::G3472 lines were more salt tolerant than wild-type or non-transformed controls in a plate-based assay. TABLE 50 G3472 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 303 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 304 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 305 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 307 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 308 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 311 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 313 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 314 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 318 + wt wt wt wt wt wt wt − Potential Applications

The results of the salt germination assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the soy G3472 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Soy G3475 (SEQ ID NO: 800 and 2908)

G3475 is from Glycine max and is a putative ortholog of G481, and is a member of the HAP3 subgroup of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family. Among the Arabidopsis paralogs in the G481 study group, this gene is phylogenetically most closely related to G485.

Experimental Observations

35S::G3475 lines showed accelerated flowering by about one to two weeks compared to wild-type or non-transformed controls. This same phenotype was also noted for the most closely related Arabidopsis gene, G485. Many of these early flowering lines also were smaller than controls.

Growth of four 35S::G3475 lines was more tolerant to cold conditions than wild-type or non-transformed controls. TABLE 51 G3475 35S, Direct promoter-fusion Germ. in Germ. in high Germ. Germ. Growth Line high NaCl mannitol Sucrose ABA in heat in cold in heat Drought Chilling 301 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 302 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 303 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 304 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 306 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 307 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt + 308 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 309 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 310 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt 311 wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt wt Potential Applications

The results of the chilling assay confirm that G481 and its related sequences, including the soy G3475 sequence, are excellent candidates for improving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Example XIV Transformation of Cereal Plants with an Expression Vector

Cereal plants such as, but not limited to, corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, or barley, may also be transformed with the present polynucleotide sequences in pMEN20 or pMEN65 expression vectors for the purpose of modifying plant traits. For example, pMEN020 may be modified to replace the NptII coding region with the BAR gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus that confers resistance to phosphinothricin. The KpnI and BglII sites of the Bar gene are removed by site-directed mutagenesis with silent codon changes.

The cloning vector may be introduced into a variety of cereal plants by means well known in the art such as, for example, direct DNA transfer or Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. It is now routine to produce transgenic plants of most cereal crops (Vasil (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25: 925-937) such as corn, wheat, rice, sorghum (Cassas et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 11212-11216, and barley (Wan and Lemeaux (1994) Plant Physiol. 104:37-48. DNA transfer methods such as the microprojectile can be used for corn (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839); Gordon-Kamm et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 603-618; Ishida (1990) Nature Biotechnol. 14:745-750), wheat (Vasil et al. (1992) Bio/Technol. 10:667-674; Vasil et al. (1993) Bio/Technol. 11:1553-1558; Weeks et al. (1993) Plant Physiol. 102:1077-1084), rice (Christou (1991) Bio/Technol. 9:957-962; Hiei et al. (1994) Plant J. 6:271-282; Aldemita and Hodges (1996) Planta 199:612-617; and Hiei et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35:205-218). For most cereal plants, embryogenic cells derived from immature scutellum tissues are the preferred cellular targets for transformation (Hiei et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35:205-218; Vasil (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25: 925-937).

Vectors according to the present invention may be transformed into corn embryogenic cells derived from immature scutellar tissue by using microprojectile bombardment, with the A188XB73 genotype as the preferred genotype (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839; Gordon-Kamm et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 603-618). After microprojectile bombardment the tissues are selected on phosphinothricin to identify the transgenic embryogenic cells (Gordon-Kamm et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 603-618). Transgenic plants are regenerated by standard corn regeneration techniques (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technol. 8: 833-839; Gordon-Kamm et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 603-618).

The plasmids prepared as described above can also be used to produce transgenic wheat and rice plants (Christou (1991) Bio/Technol. 9:957-962; Hiei et al. (1994) Plant J. 6:271-282; Aldemita and Hodges (1996) Planta 199:612-617; and Hiei et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35:205-218) that coordinately express genes of interest by following standard transformation protocols known to those skilled in the art for rice and wheat (Vasil et al. (1992) Bio/Technol. 10:667-674; Vasil et al. (1993) Bio/Technol. 11:1553-1558; and Weeks et al. (1993) Plant Physiol. 102:1077-1084), where the bar gene is used as the selectable marker.

Example XV Transformation of Canola with a Plasmid Containing CBF1, CBF2, or CBF3

After identifying homologous genes to CBF1, canola was transformed with a plasmid containing the Arabidopsis CBF1, CBF2, or CBF3 genes cloned into the vector pGA643 (An (1987) Methods Enzymol. 253: 292). In these constructs the CBF genes were expressed constitutively under the CaMV 35S promoter. In addition, the CBF1 gene was cloned under the control of the Arabidopsis COR15 promoter in the same vector pGA643. Each construct was transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101. Transformed Agrobacteria were grown for 2 days in minimal AB medium containing appropriate antibiotics.

Spring canola (B. napus cv. Westar) was transformed using the protocol of Moloney et al. (1989) Plant Cell Reports 8:238, with some modifications as described. Briefly, seeds were sterilized and plated on half strength MS medium, containing 1% sucrose. Plates were incubated at 24° C. under 60-80 μE/m²s light using a16 hour light/8 hour dark photoperiod. Cotyledons from 4-5 day old seedlings were collected, the petioles cut and dipped into the Agrobacterium solution. The dipped cotyledons were placed on co-cultivation medium at a density of 20 cotyledons/plate and incubated as described above for 3 days. Explants were transferred to the same media, but containing 300 mg/l timentin (SmithKline Beecham, Pa.) and thinned to 10 cotyledons/plate. After 7 days explants were transferred to Selection/Regeneration medium. Transfers were continued every 2-3 weeks (2 or 3 times) until shoots had developed. Shoots were transferred to Shoot-Elongation medium every 2-3 weeks. Healthy looking shoots were transferred to rooting medium. Once good roots had developed, the plants were placed into moist potting soil.

The transformed plants were then analyzed for the presence of the NPTII gene/kanamycin resistance by ELISA, using the ELISA NPTII kit from 5Prime-3Prime Inc. (Boulder, Colo.). Approximately 70% of the screened plants were NPTII positive. Only those plants were further analyzed.

From Northern blot analysis of the plants that were transformed with the constitutively expressing constructs, showed expression of the CBF genes and all CBF genes were capable of inducing the Brassica napus cold-regulated gene BN115 (homolog of the Arabidopsis COR15 gene). Most of the transgenic plants appear to exhibit a normal growth phenotype. As expected, the transgenic plants are more freezing tolerant than the wild-type plants. Using the electrolyte leakage of leaves test, the control showed a 50% leakage at −2 to −3° C. Spring canola transformed with either CBF1 or CBF2 showed a 50% leakage at 6 to −7° C. Spring canola transformed with CBF3 shows a 50% leakage at about −10 to −15° C. Winter canola transformed with CBF3 may show a 50% leakage at about −16 to −20° C. Furthermore, if the spring or winter canola are cold acclimated the transformed plants may exhibit a further increase in freezing tolerance of at least −2° C.

To test salinity tolerance of the transformed plants, plants were watered with 150 mM NaCl. Plants overexpressing CBF1, CBF2 or CBF3 grew better compared with plants that had not been transformed with CBF1, CBF2 or CBF3.

These results demonstrate that equivalogs of Arabidopsis transcription factors can be identified and shown to confer similar functions in non-Arabidopsis plant species.

Example XVI Cloning of Transcription Factor Promoters

Promoters are isolated from transcription factor genes that have gene expression patterns useful for a range of applications, as determined by methods well known in the art (including transcript profile analysis with cDNA or oligonucleotide microarrays, Northern blot analysis, semi-quantitative or quantitative RT-PCR). Interesting gene expression profiles are revealed by determining transcript abundance for a selected transcription factor gene after exposure of plants to a range of different experimental conditions, and in a range of different tissue or organ types, or developmental stages. Experimental conditions to which plants are exposed for this purpose includes cold, heat, drought, osmotic challenge, varied hormone concentrations (ABA, GA, auxin, cytokinin, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid), pathogen and pest challenge. The tissue types and developmental stages include stem, root, flower, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, siliques, germinating seed, and meristematic tissue. The set of expression levels provides a pattern that is determined by the regulatory elements of the gene promoter.

Transcription factor promoters for the genes disclosed herein are obtained by cloning 1.5 kb to 2.0 kb of genomic sequence immediately upstream of the translation start codon for the coding sequence of the encoded transcription factor protein. This region includes the 5′-UTR of the transcription factor gene, which can comprise regulatory elements. The 1.5 kb to 2.0 kb region is cloned through PCR methods, using primers that include one in the 3′ direction located at the translation start codon (including appropriate adaptor sequence), and one in the 5′ direction located from 1.5 kb to 2.0 kb upstream of the translation start codon (including appropriate adaptor sequence). The desired fragments are PCR-amplified from Arabidopsis Col-0 genomic DNA using high-fidelity Taq DNA polymerase to minimize the incorporation of point mutation(s). The cloning primers incorporate two rare restriction sites, such as Not1 and Sfi1, found at low frequency throughout the Arabidopsis genome. Additional restriction sites are used in the instances where a Not1 or Sfi1 restriction site is present within the promoter.

The 1.5-2.0 kb fragment upstream from the translation start codon, including the 5′-untranslated region of the transcription factor, is cloned in a binary transformation vector immediately upstream of a suitable reporter gene, or a transactivator gene that is capable of programming expression of a reporter gene in a second gene construct. Reporter genes used include green fluorescent protein (and related fluorescent protein color variants), beta-glucuronidase, and luciferase. Suitable transactivator genes include LexA-GAL4, along with a transactivatable reporter in a second binary plasmid (as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/958,131, incorporated herein by reference). The binary plasmid(s) is transferred into Agrobacterium and the structure of the plasmid confirmed by PCR. These strains are introduced into Arabidopsis plants as described in other examples, and gene expression patterns determined according to standard methods know to one skilled in the art for monitoring GFP fluorescence, beta-glucuronidase activity, or luminescence.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments described herein. The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. Modifications that become apparent from the foregoing description and accompanying figures fall within the scope of the claims. 

1. A transgenic plant having increased abiotic stress tolerance as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species; wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome a transgene encoding a polypeptide member of the G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family, wherein overexpression of the polypeptide member confers said abiotic stress tolerance.
 2. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide member comprises a B domain; wherein the B domain is sufficiently homologous to the B domain of SEQ ID NO: 88 that the B domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region comprising the motif CCAAT; wherein said binding regulates transcription of the DNA; and said regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 3. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the transgene is derived from a monocotyledonous plant.
 4. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide member of the CCAAT-box binding transcription factor family is at least 81% identical to a B domain of a polypeptide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 88, 790, 794, 796, 798, 800, 801, 805 and
 806. 5. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 88, 790, 794, 796, 798, 800, 801, 805 and
 806. 6. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the transgene comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 87, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2910, 2911, 2912, 2913 and
 2914. 7. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein said abiotic stress tolerance is selected from the group consisting of heat tolerance, drought stress tolerance, cold tolerance, and salt stress tolerance.
 8. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of: soybean, wheat, corn, potato, cotton, rice, oilseed rape, sunflower, alfalfa, clover, sugarcane, turf, banana, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cantaloupe, carrot, cauliflower, coffee, cucumber, eggplant, grapes, honeydew, lettuce, mango, melon, onion, papaya, peas, peppers, pineapple, pumpkin, spinach, squash, sweet corn, tobacco, tomato, watermelon, mint and other labiates, fruit trees, rosaceous fruits, citrus, and brassicas.
 9. The transgenic plant of claim 1, further comprising a constitutive, inducible, or tissue-specific promoter operably linked to said recombinant polynucleotide.
 10. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the recombinant polynucleotide is incorporated into an expression vector comprising one or more regulatory elements that are effective to control expression of said recombinant polynucleotide in a target plant
 11. The transgenic plant of claim 1, wherein the transgenic plant is a cultured host cell.
 12. Seed from the transgenic plant according to claim 1
 13. A method for producing a transgenic plant having increased tolerance to abiotic stress, the method steps comprising: (a) providing an expression vector comprising (i) a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that comprises a member of G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family; wherein said polypeptide comprises a B domain, and the B domain is sufficiently homologous to the B domain of SEQ ID NO: 88 that the B domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region comprising the motif CCAAT; and wherein said binding regulates transcription of the DNA, and said regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species; and (ii) regulatory elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, said regulatory elements being effective to control expression of said nucleotide sequence in a target plant; (b) introducing the expression vector into a plant cell; (c) growing the plant cell into a plant and allowing the plant to overexpress the polypeptide; and; (d) identifying one or more abiotic stress tolerant plants so produced by comparing said one or more abiotic stress tolerant plants with one or more non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said abiotic stress tolerance is selected from the group consisting of heat tolerance, cold tolerance, drought stress tolerance and salt stress tolerance.
 15. The method of claim 13, the method steps further comprising: (e) crossing one of said abiotic stress tolerant plants with itself or another plant; (f) selecting seed that develops as a result of said crossing; and growing a progeny plant from the seed, thus producing a transgenic progeny plant having increased tolerance to abiotic stress as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: said progeny plant expresses mRNA that encodes a DNA-binding protein that binds to a CCAAT DNA regulatory sequence and induces expression of a plant trait gene; and said mRNA is expressed at a level greater than a non-transformed plant that does not overexpress said DNA-binding protein.
 17. A method for increasing a plant's tolerance to abiotic stress, said method comprising: (a) providing a vector comprising: (i) a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that comprises a member of G482 subclade of the non-LEC1-like clade of proteins of the L1L-related CCAAT transcription factor family; wherein said polypeptide comprises a B domain, and the B domain is sufficiently homologous to the B domain of SEQ ID NO: 88 that the B domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region comprising the motif CCAAT; and wherein said binding regulates transcription of the DNA, and said regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species; and (ii) regulatory elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, said regulatory elements being effective to control expression of said nucleotide sequence in a target plant; and (b) transforming the target plant with the vector to generate a transformed plant with increased tolerance to abiotic stress compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of: (i) SEQ ID NO: 147, 2907, 2908, 2909, 2910, 2911, 2912, 2913 and 2914; and (ii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that comprises a B domain that is at least 81% identical with the B domain of SEQ ID NO:
 88. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said abiotic stress tolerance is selected from the group consisting of heat tolerance, cold germination, drought stress tolerance and salt stress tolerance.
 20. A transgenic plant having increased abiotic stress tolerance as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species; wherein the transgenic plant comprises in its genome a transgene encoding a polypeptide member of the MYB-related transcription factor family, wherein overexpression of the polypeptide member confers said abiotic stress tolerance; and wherein the polypeptide member of the MYB-related transcription factor family is derived from a plant other than Arabidopsis, and the polypeptide member is from the G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors.
 21. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the polypeptide member of the MYB-related transcription factor family comprises a MYB-related domain; wherein the MYB-related domain is sufficiently homologous to the MYB-related domain of SEQ ID NO: 148 that the MYB-related domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region; wherein said binding regulates transcription of the DNA; and said regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 22. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the transgene is derived from a monocotyledonous plant.
 23. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the polypeptide member of the MYB-related transcription factor family is at least 60% identical to a MYB-related domain of a polypeptide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 559, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1086, 1087, 1088 and
 1089. 24. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the polypeptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 148, 559, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1086, 1087, 1088 and
 1089. 25. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the transgene comprises a polynucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of a member of the group selected from SEQ ID NO: 147, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, 2919, 2920, 2921, and
 2922. 26. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the transgene comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of 147, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, 2919, 2920, 2921, and
 2922. 27. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein said abiotic stress tolerance is selected from the group consisting of heat tolerance, drought stress tolerance, cold tolerance, and salt stress tolerance.
 28. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the transgenic plant is characterized by altered sugar sensing as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 29. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of: soybean, wheat, corn, potato, cotton, rice, oilseed rape, sunflower, alfalfa, clover, sugarcane, turf, banana, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cantaloupe, carrot, cauliflower, coffee, cucumber, eggplant, grapes, honeydew, lettuce, mango, melon, onion, papaya, peas, peppers, pineapple, pumpkin, spinach, squash, sweet corn, tobacco, tomato, watermelon, mint and other labiates, fruit trees, rosaceous fruits, citrus, and brassicas.
 30. The transgenic plant of claim 20, further comprising a constitutive, inducible, or tissue-specific promoter operably linked to said recombinant polynucleotide.
 31. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the recombinant polynucleotide is incorporated into an expression vector comprising one or more regulatory elements that are effective to control expression of said recombinant polynucleotide in a target plant
 32. The transgenic plant of claim 20, wherein the transgenic plant is a cultured host cell.
 33. Seed from the transgenic plant according to claim
 20. 34. A method for producing a transgenic plant having increased tolerance to abiotic stress, the method steps comprising: (a) providing an expression vector comprising (i) a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that comprises a polypeptide member of the MYB-related transcription factor family; wherein said polypeptide comprises a MYB-related domain, and the MYB-related domain is sufficiently homologous to the MYB-related domain of SEQ ID NO: 148 that the MYB-related domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region; and wherein said binding regulates transcription of the DNA, and said regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species; and (ii) regulatory elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, said regulatory elements being effective to control expression of said nucleotide sequence in a target plant; (b) introducing the expression vector into a plant cell; (c) growing the plant cell into a plant and allowing the plant to overexpress the polypeptide; and; (d) identifying one or more abiotic stress tolerant plants so produced by comparing said one or more abiotic stress tolerant plants with one or more non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein said abiotic stress tolerance is selected from the group consisting of heat tolerance, cold tolerance, drought stress tolerance and salt stress tolerance.
 36. The method of claim 34, the method steps further comprising: (e) crossing one of said abiotic stress tolerant plants with itself or another plant; (f) selecting seed that develops as a result of said crossing; and growing a progeny plant from the seed, thus producing a transgenic progeny plant having increased tolerance to abiotic stress as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein: said progeny plant expresses mRNA that encodes a DNA-binding protein that binds to a DNA regulatory sequence and induces expression of a plant trait gene; and said mRNA is expressed at a level greater than a non-transformed plant that does not overexpress said DNA-binding protein.
 38. A method for increasing a plant's tolerance to abiotic stress, said method comprising: (a) providing a vector comprising: (i) a polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that comprises a member of G682 subclade of MYB-related transcription factors; wherein said polypeptide comprises a MYB-related domain, and the MYB-related domain is sufficiently homologous to the MYB-related domain of SEQ ID NO: 148 that the MYB-related domain binds to DNA at a transcription regulating region; and wherein said binding regulates transcription of the DNA, and said regulation of transcription confers increased abiotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plant as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species; and (ii) regulatory elements operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, said regulatory elements being effective to control expression of said nucleotide sequence in a target plant; and (b) transforming the target plant with the vector to generate a transformed plant with increased tolerance to abiotic stress compared to non-transgenic plants of the same species.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of: (i) SEQ ID NO: 147, 2907, 2915, 2916, 2917, 2918, 2919, 2920, 2921, and 2922; (ii) a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of (i) under stringent conditions that include two wash steps of 0.1×SSC to 2.0×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 50-65° C., for 10-30 min per step; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that comprises a MYB-related domain that is at least 60% identical with the MYB-related domain of SEQ ID NO:
 148. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the stringent conditions include two wash steps of 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C., for 10-30 min per step.
 41. The method of claim 38, wherein said abiotic stress tolerance is selected from the group consisting of heat tolerance, cold germination, drought stress tolerance and salt stress tolerance. 